STONES AND ITS TYPES (1 its helpful.pptx

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1. STONES AND ITS TYPES SUBMITTED TO: AR. PALAYA AMANPREET BBK DAV COLLEGE FOR WOMEN SUBMITTED BY: MEHAK MEHRA ROLL NUMBER: 10602218311

2. I N D E X INTRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF STONES TYPES OF STONES STONE MASONARY R U BB L E M A S ONA R Y & T Y P E S A S H LAR M A S ONAR Y & T Y P E S PRINCIPLES IN STONE MASONARY TYPES OF ROCKS MONUMENTS IN STONE MASONARY

3. INTRODUCTION Stones form one of the most important building materials in civil engineering. Stones are derived from rocks, which form the earth's crust and have no definite shape or chemical combination but are mixtures of two or more minerals. The mineral is a substance which is formed by the natural inorganic process and possesses a definite chemical combination and molecular structure. They are strong, durable and descent in appearance.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF STONES APPEARANCE : Building Stones used for the face work of the building should have fine, compact texture. STRUCTURE : It should be free from cavities, cracks, and patches of loose or soft material. STRENGTH: Stones used in construction should be strong and durable to withstand the disintegrating action of weather. HARDNESS: The stones which are to be used in such places should be tested for hardness and should be resistant to wear and tear. TOUGHNESS: When the stones are supposed to undergo vibrations of machinery and moving loads, they should be tough. POROSITY: The porous building stones are not suitable in construction especially for exposed surfaces of structures. The rain water which comes down carry some acidic gases forming light acids which gets soaked on the surface. ABSORPTION : Water absorption is directly proportional to the porosity of the rock. The more porous the rock is, the more water it will absorb and leads to the damaging of stone.

5. CHARACTERISTICS SEASONING: Good stones should be free from quarry sap. They are allowed to get rid of quarry sap by the action of nature. This process of removing quarry sap is called seasoning. A period of 6-12 months is generally enough for proper seasoning. WEATHERING: It is the extent to which the face of a stone resists the action of weather. Stones with good weathering properties only should be used in the construction of important buildings. WORKABILITY: Stones are said to be workable if the wok which is involved in their cutting, dressing and shaping is considered as economical and easy to conduct. F I R E R E S I S TAN C E : Building S ton e s should be free from calcium carbonate, oxides of iron, and minerals having different coefficients of thermal expansion.

6. TYPES OF STONES BASALT: Basalt stone, which is also known as traps, is commonly used in rubble masonry works for bridge piers, river walls, and dams. It is medium to fine grained and compact. Basalt has good resistant to weather, impervious to moisture, very hard, and very difficult to dress in fine shapes. The color of changes from dark gray to black. GRANITE: The application of granite in building construction involves stone columns, external cladding of walls, and monumental utilizations. The structure of granite is crystalline, fine to coarse grain. It is considerably hard and durable. It takes polish well, and the color varies from light gray to pink.

7. SANDSTONE: Sandstones in combination with silica cement are used in masonry works, dams, bridge piers, and river walls. It is found in different colors such as white, grey, red, buff, brown, yellow, and dark gray. SLATE: Slate shows great variation and is used as roofing tiles, slabs, and pavements. its color can be dark gray, greenish gray, purple gray to black. The structure of slate is fine grained. T Y P E S

8. T Y P E S LIMESTONE: It is usually gray but may also be white, yellow, or brown. Limestone as a building material is used in architectural applications for walls, decorative trim, and veneer. However, dense, compact, and fine textured types which are free from cavities and cracks can be easily dressed and take a very fine polish. LATERITE: Laterite is used as building stone, but its outer surface needs to be plastered. It contains a high percentage of iron oxide and can be easily cut into blocks. Laterite occurs in soft and hard varieties. Laterite color may be brownish, red, yellow, brown and grey.

9. T Y P E S M A R BL E : It i s us ed for faci n g a n d orn a m e nt a l works in columns, flooring, and steps. Marble stones are quite strong, uniform in texture, least porous, and take an excellent polish. It can be easily cut and carved into different shapes. Marble is available in different colors like white and pink. GNEISS: This type of stone is used for minor construction since the presence of deleterious substances in its constituents makes it undesirable for building construction. It has fine to coarse grains, and its color may be light grey, pink, purple, greenish gray and dark grey .

10. T Y P E S QUARTZITE: It is used as building blocks, slabs, and as aggregate for concrete. The structure of quartzite is fine to coarse grain and mostly granular and branded. They are available in different colors like white, gray, yellowish. TRAVERTINE: It is used for paving, garden paths, and courtyards. The stone is characterized by pitted holes and troughs in its surface which means that it has a porous surface and concentric texture. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral - red.

11. STONE MASONARY Stone masonry is a type of building masonry construction that uses stones and mortar. This construction technique is used for building foundations, floors, retaining walls, arches, walls and columns. The stones used for masonry construction are natural rocks. These natural rocks are cut and dressed into proper shape in order to use it in masonry construction. Stones are one of the most durable and strong building materials. The two main classifications of Stone Masonry are: Rubble Masonry Ashlar Masonry

12. RUBBLE MASONARY This is the stone masonry type where stones employed are either undressed or roughly dressed. These masonry constructions do not have a uniform thickness. The strength of the rubble masonry is dependent on the: Quality of Mortar Used Use of Long through stones Proper filling of mortar between the stone spaces and joints

13. T Y P E S COURSED RUBBLE MASONARY In coursed rubble masonry construction, the stones in a particular course are in equal heights. The stones hence used possess different sizes. In this type, all the courses do not have same height. UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONARY An uncoursed rubble masonry is the cheapest and roughest form of stone masonry construction. These construction use stones of varied shape and size. Initially larger stones are laid first. The spaces between them are filled with spalls.

14. T Y P E S RANDOM UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONARY In this type, the weak corners and edges of the stone are removed with the help of a mason’s hammer. At the quoins and jambs, bigger stones are employed in order to increase the strength of the masonry. SQUARE UNCOURSED RUBBLE MASONARY The stones are made roughly square shape and used in construction. The facing stones are provided a hammer-dressed finish. Larger stones are used as quoins. Chips are not used as bedding.

15. T Y P E S POLYGONAL RUBBLE MASONARY The stones for masonry are roughly shaped into irregular polygons. The stones are then arranged in such a way tha t i t a v oids v e rtical joi n t s i n th e f a ce work. Break the joints as possible. Use of stone chips to support the stones. FLINT RUBBLE MASONARY In areas where flint is available plenty, a flint rubble masonry is employed. Flints are irregularly shaped nodules of silica. They are extremely hard but brittle in nature.

16. T Y P E S DRY RUBBLE MASONARY These are rubble masonry construction performed without the use of mortar. Small spaces are filled with smaller stone pieces. It is used in pitching the earthen dams and the canal slopes.

17. ASHLAR MASONARY Ashlar masonry is constructed using accurately dressed stones that possess uniform and fine joints. The thickness of the joints ranges about 3mm which is arranged in various patterns. The size of the stone blocks must be in proportion with the thickness of the walls.

18. T Y P E S ASHLAR FINE MASONARY In ashlar fine masonry construction, each stone is cut into uniform size and shape, almost rectangular in shape. This shape hence provides perfect horizontal and vertical joints with the adjacent stones. An ashlar fine masonry construction is very costly. ASHLAR ROUGH MASONARY This type has stones whose sides are finely chisel -dressed. The face of the stones is made rough by means of tools. Around the perimeter of the rough dressed face of each stone, a strip of 25mm width is provided.

19. T Y P E S ROCK AND QUARRY FACED This masonry type has a 25 mm wide strip made by a chisel placed around the perimeter of every stone. The remaining portion of the face is left in the same form as it is received. ASHLAR BLOCK IN COURSE MASONARY This type is a combination of ashlar masonry and rubble masonry. The faces work of the masonry stones is either rough tooled or hammer dressed stones. The backing of the wall may be done in rubble masonry.

20. T Y P E S ASHLAR CHAMFERED MASONARY A strip is provided as shown in the figure below. But the sides are chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of a chisel at a depth of 25mm.

21. PRINCIPLES IN STONE MASONARY CONSTRUCTION Natural Bedding Planes Should be Horizontal: The first thing that the builder needs to understand is that sedimentary stones ought to be laid in such a way that their natural bedding panels are horizontal and not vertical. Stones Should Not be Laid Longer Than Their Long: Apart from the corners, builders should never lay a stone taller than it is long. Avoid Block and Running Joints : Builders should be careful with blocks and running joints. These should not be available only one stone or at least one side of the joint. Avoid Having Too Many Stones Above a Riser: A riser should not have many stones on top of it. In fact, they should be less than three stones. Ensure Risers are Evenly Distributed: Risers need to be properly distributed when building using stone masonry. Builders need to avoid grouping together like-sized stones.

22. Avoid Using Same-Size Stones Together: Builders should not use more than two stones of the same size on top of each other. Avoid Lining Up Vertical Joints: Unless this is done by design, you should avoid lining up vertical joints in alternate courses. Ensure Risers Do Not Touch: Risers should not touch unless this is done at openings or corners. Horizontal Joints Should Not Run More Than Four Feet: Builders have to ensure that horizontal lines do not run more than four or five feet. The horizontals should be broken up between doors and windows. Have Substantial Bonding Lap: Builders should aim to offer enough bonding lap. It is recommended to have a third of the length of the stone being set to cross the joint between the stones below.

23. TYPES OF ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCK: Named after the Latin word for fire, Igneous rocks form when hot, molten magma solidifies below the earth’s surface. This type of rock is divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending on where the molten rock solidifies. Intrusive igneous rock crystallizes below the earth’s surface, and extrusive rocks erupt onto the surface. Igneous rock for construction includes these types of stone are Granite, Diabase, Gabbro.

24. TYPES OF ROCKS METAMORPHIC ROCK: Metamorphic rock starts as one type of rock but due to pressure, heat, and time, gradually transforms into a new rock type. Although it forms deep within the earth’s crust, it's often exposed on our planet’s surface after geological uplift and the erosion of rock and soil above it. These crystalline rocks tend to have a foliated texture. Metamorphic rock for construction includes slate, marble, gneiss etc.

25. TYPES OF ROCKS S E D I M E N TARY R O C K : T his rock i s a l w a ys form e d in layers called “strata” and often contains fossils. Pieces of rock are loosened by weather, then transported to a basin or depression where the sediment is trapped, and lithification (compaction) takes place. The sediment is deposited in flat, horizontal layers, with the oldest layers on the bottom and younger layers on top. Sedimentary rock for construction includes limestone, sandstone etc.

26. MONUMENTS IN STONE MASONARY