Strategic Management in Public Administration .pptx

In public administration, strategic management refers to the application of strategic principles to public organizations, aiming to improve government efficiency, policy implementation, and service delivery. The goal is to align the mission and vision of public agencies with the changing needs and demands of society while navigating the complexities of governance, policy, and public expectations

1. In public administration, strategic management refers to the application of strategic principles to public organizations, aiming to improve government efficiency, policy implementation, and service delivery. The goal is to align the mission and vision of public agencies with the changing needs and demands of society while navigating the complexities of governance, policy, and public expectations.

2. Lesson 1 Strategic Management Principles and Practices in the Philippine Context

3. Learning Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Define strategic management and its significance in public administration. Identify differences between strategic management in public and private sectors. Discuss the historical development of strategic management in public administration. Understand the role of strategic management in achieving public sector goals in the Philippines.

4. Introduction to Strategic Management in Public Administration What is Strategic Management? Definition : The process of formulating, implementing, and evaluating strategies to achieve organizational goals effectively and efficiently. Key Components : Planning, Monitoring, Analyzing, and Assessing organizational strategies.

5. Public vs. Private Sector Strategic Management Public Sector : Mission-driven (public welfare, citizen service) Multiple stakeholders (e.g., citizens, government, businesses) Political constraints and accountability Private Sector : Profit-driven (bottom-line focus) Fewer political constraints Market-driven competition Differences : Focus on societal outcomes vs. financial outcomes, political environment in the public sector.

6. Importance of Strategic Management in Public Administration Improves service delivery and public policy outcomes Enhances transparency and accountability in government processes Aligns organizational goals with national or local development plans (e.g., Philippine Development Plan) Facilitates better resource allocation in government agencies

7. Historical Context of Public Administration in the Philippines Post-Colonial Period : Evolution of public administration after independence in 1946 The Marcos Era : Introduction of bureaucratic reforms but with authoritarian control Post-1987 Constitution : Shift toward democratic governance and public sector reforms Current Reforms : Focus on good governance, public-private partnerships, and decentralization

8. The Role of Strategic Management in Philippine Government Strategic Planning and Development : Philippine Development Plan (PDP) as a strategic framework Use of strategic management by agencies like NEDA and DBM Case Study : K-12 Education Reform : Strategic management in educational policy execution (planning, budgeting, implementation)

9. Strategic Management Process 1. Strategic Analysis : a. Environmental scanning (SWOT, PEST analysis) b. Identify internal and external factors affecting the agency’s strategy. 2. Strategy Formulation : a. Setting objectives, goals, and policies. B. Designing programs to address national or local priorities. 3. Strategy Implementation : a. Allocation of resources (e.g., budget, staff) b. Organizational structure and governance. 4. Strategy Evaluation and Control : a. Monitoring progress (e.g., using KPIs) b. Adjustments based on feedback and changing conditions.

10. Key Challenges in Strategic Management in Public Administration Political Interference : Impact of political agendas on long-term strategies. Bureaucratic Inefficiency : Challenges in decision-making and implementation. Resource Constraints : Limited budget and personnel. Public Accountability : Need for transparency and citizen engagement.

11. Case Study: Philippine Government’s Disaster Response Strategy Strategy Formulation : NDRRMC (National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council) plans. Implementation : Resource allocation for disaster preparedness, coordination between government agencies. Evaluation : Post-disaster reviews to improve future response strategies.

12. Summary of Key Points Strategic management is essential in public administration for improving service delivery, accountability, and governance. Differences between public and private sector strategies highlight the unique challenges in government operations. The process of strategic management (analysis, formulation, implementation, evaluation) is crucial for the effective functioning of public agencies in the Philippines.

13. Next Activity Reflection Activity : How can strategic management improve a public service issue in the Philippines (e.g., healthcare, education, infrastructure)? Preview for Next Class : Vision, Mission, and Values in Public Administration

14. References : Mercado, S.J. (2007). Public Administration in the Philippines: A Reader . Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Niskanen, W.A. (1971). Bureaucracy and Public Policy . Chicago: Aldine-Atherton. Thompson, A.A., & Strickland, A.J. (2001). Strategic Management in Public Services Organizations . New York: McGraw-Hill. Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines . Manila: University of the Philippines Press.

15. Lesson 2 The Role of Public Administration in National and Global Contexts Understanding the Functions of Public Administration at National and Global Levels

16. Learning Objectives By the end of this lesson, you should be able to: Define public administration and its functions at the national level. Understand how globalization affects public administration. Identify key international organizations involved in public administration. Examine the challenges of public administration in a globalized world.

17. What is Public Administration? Definition: Public administration is the implementation of government policies, management of public programs, and public service delivery. Core Functions: - Policy implementation - Public service delivery (healthcare, education, etc.) - Resource management (budgets, human resources) - Governance and accountability

18. Public Administration in the National Context Key Functions : Policy Implementation : Translating laws into actionable programs. Public Services : Managing essential services such as healthcare, education, transportation. Resource Management : Managing finances, personnel, and physical resources. Governance and Accountability : Ensuring transparency and accountability in government. Philippine Example : The role of NEDA (National Economic and Development Authority) in national planning and governance.

19. The Impact of Globalization on Public Administration Globalization : The interconnectedness of nations through trade, communication, and technology. Challenges : Global Policy Coordination : Addressing issues like climate change, global health, and migration. International Trade and Economics : Public administration's role in managing trade agreements and economic policies. Transnational Problems : Issues like pandemics, climate change, and terrorism require global cooperation.

20. Role of International Organizations in Public Administration Key International Organizations : United Nations (UN) : Promotes international peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. World Bank : Provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for poverty reduction and development. World Health Organization (WHO) : Coordinates global health responses and sets health policies. World Trade Organization (WTO) : Facilitates international trade negotiations and enforces trade regulations. Example : The role of the Philippine Government in global governance through its participation in organizations like ASEAN, UN, and WTO.

21. Case Study: Public Administration and Global Health Global Issue: COVID-19 Pandemic : National governments working with WHO , UNICEF , and other organizations. Coordination between public health administrations globally to manage the crisis. Philippine Government Response : Coordination between DOH (Department of Health) , WHO , and local governments for testing, vaccination, and health policies.

22. Comparative Analysis: National vs. Global Public Administration Public Administration in National Context : Focused on domestic governance, service delivery, and internal policy implementation. Example: The Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) managing K-12 education policies. Public Administration in Global Context : Requires collaboration with international organizations, managing transnational issues. Example: Philippine involvement in the Paris Agreement on climate change .

23. Global Governance and Public Administration Global Governance : Systems and processes for addressing global challenges. Role of Public Administration : Facilitates cooperation between governments and international organizations. Philippine Example : The Philippines' role in international peacekeeping through UN peacekeeping forces and disaster response.

24. Challenges for Public Administration in a Globalized World Political and Economic Instability : Impact on governance, policy making, and international cooperation. Cultural and Social Issues : Addressing diverse needs in a globalized, multicultural world. Resource Management : Managing resources in the face of global challenges like climate change and economic crises. Example : The challenges of managing public health crises and migration in the Philippines

25. Group Activity: Public Administration in a Global Context Instructions : In small groups, discuss a global issue (e.g., climate change, global poverty, or migration). Each group should: Identify how national public administrations are involved. Identify international organizations working on the issue. Discuss the role of the Philippine government in addressing this issue. After 10 minutes, each group will present their findings to the class.

26. Summary of Key Points Public Administration is essential for national governance, from policy implementation to service delivery. Globalization has expanded the role of public administration in dealing with global challenges like health, trade, and climate change. International Organizations play a significant role in addressing transnational issues, and national governments must collaborate. Philippine Example : Public administration in the Philippines, including involvement in global organizations like the UN and WHO .

27. References Book : Public Administration in the Philippines by A.A. Sia – Discusses the role of Philippine public administration in national governance. Book : Global Public Administration by M.P. Gross – Explores the impact of globalization on public administration. United Nations (UN) website for current global governance case studies. World Bank (World Bank) website for up-to-date development projects and international public administration initiatives.

28. Lesson 3 Title : Strategic Planning Models for Public Administration Subtitle : Key Models and Philippine Applications

29. Learning Objectives Understand the importance of strategic planning in public administration. Explore key strategic planning models. Apply these models to public administration challenges in the Philippines.

30. What is Strategic Planning? Definition : The process of defining an organization’s strategy, setting goals, and deciding how to allocate resources to achieve these goals. Purpose : Aligns public administration goals with national development plans, improves efficiency, and ensures effective service delivery.

31. Key Strategic Planning Models 1. SWOT Analysis : Analyzes internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats. 2. PEST Analysis : Evaluates Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors affecting the organization. 3. Balanced Scorecard : Measures performance through financial and non-financial perspectives. 4. Logical Framework Approach (LFA) : Defines goals, objectives, and means of achieving them. 5. Results-Based Management (RBM) : Focuses on achieving measurable outcomes.

32. SWOT Analysis Strengths : Internal factors that give the organization an advantage. Weaknesses : Internal factors that create disadvantages. Opportunities : External factors that could help the organization. Threats : External factors that could harm the organization. Example in Philippine Context : SWOT analysis in the Department of Health (DOH) for COVID-19 response.

33. PEST Analysis Political : Impact of government policies, regulations, and political stability. Economic : Economic conditions, inflation, and resource allocation. Social : Social trends, demographics, and public needs. Technological : Technological advances and innovation. Example : Using PEST analysis for the Department of Education (DepEd) in the Philippines to assess online learning

34. Balanced Scorecard Perspectives : Financial: Budget, cost efficiency. Customer: Satisfaction, service delivery. Internal Processes: Efficiency of operations. Learning and Growth: Employee development, innovation. Example : Philippine Bureau of Customs : Using the Balanced Scorecard to enhance revenue collection and service efficiency.

35. Logical Framework Approach (LFA) Key Elements : Goal: The long-term impact. Purpose: The specific change to be achieved. Outputs: The tangible deliverables. Activities: The specific actions to achieve outputs. Example : NEDA’s use of LFA in developing the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) .

36. Results-Based Management (RBM) Focus : Achieving measurable results (outputs and outcomes). Process : Define expected results. Implement strategies to achieve those results. Monitor and evaluate progress. Example : Philippine Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) uses RBM to measure poverty reduction program effectiveness .

37. Application of Strategic Planning Models in Philippine Public Administration Philippine Development Plan (PDP) : NEDA’s use of strategic planning models. Local Government Planning : How DILG supports LGUs with strategic planning. Case Study : City of Davao : Strategic planning for disaster preparedness and governance.

38. Group Activity Instructions : In groups, apply one strategic planning model to a current issue in Philippine public administration (e.g., disaster preparedness, education reform). Deliverables : Present the model’s application to the class.

39. Key Takeaways : Strategic planning is crucial for public administration effectiveness. Various models help public agencies align goals, optimize resources, and achieve measurable outcomes. Philippine agencies like NEDA, DILG, and DOH use strategic planning models to address national and local challenges.

40. References Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines . Manila: University of the Philippines Press. Mercado, S.J. (2007). Public Administration in the Philippines: A Reader . Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Bryson, J.M. (2018). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

41. Lesson 4 Title : Vision, Mission, and Values in Public Sector Organizations Subtitle : Key Elements for Effective Governance

42. Learning Objectives Understand the definitions and importance of vision, mission, and values in public organizations. Analyze how vision, mission, and values impact public sector governance. Apply these concepts to Philippine government agencies.

43. What is a Vision? Definition : A statement that articulates the long-term aspirations of the organization. Importance : Provides direction and inspires action. Example : The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) vision of a “prosperous, inclusive, and resilient society.”

44. What is a Mission? Definition : A statement that defines the purpose and primary objectives of the organization. Importance : Guides daily operations and decision-making. Example : The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) mission to “promote social welfare and empower disadvantaged sectors.”

45. What are Values? Definition : Ethical standards that guide the behavior and decisions within the organization. Importance : Ensures accountability, transparency, and integrity in public administration. Example : DILG values of transparency, accountability, and integrity.

46. The Role of Vision, Mission, and Values in Public Sector Organizations Vision, Mission, and Values help organizations: Align their goals and strategies. Focus resources on achieving specific outcomes. Build trust and legitimacy with the public. Example : The DOH ’s focus on public health and its guiding values of service and integrity.

47. Philippine Government Agencies and Their Vision, Mission, and Values National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) : Vision : A prosperous, inclusive, and resilient society. Mission : To formulate integrated plans and policies for national development. Values : Commitment, integrity, accountability. Department of Health (DOH) : Mission : Ensure access to quality health care for all Filipinos. Values : Service, integrity, teamwork. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) : Values : Transparency, accountability, and integrity in local governance.

48. Group Activity: Analyzing Vision, Mission, and Values Instructions : In small groups, research the vision, mission, and values of a Philippine public sector agency. Discuss how these elements influence the agency’s actions and goals. Present findings to the class.

49. Key Takeaways Vision, mission, and values are crucial for defining an organization’s direction and guiding its actions. In public sector organizations, these elements help improve governance, service delivery, and public trust. Philippine agencies use these elements to ensure alignment with national development goals and to serve citizens effectively.

50. Conclusion and Reflection Discussion Questions : How can a public sector organization’s vision inspire change and action? Why are values particularly important in public sector organizations?

51. References Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines . Manila: University of the Philippines Press. Mercado, S.J. (2007). Public Administration in the Philippines: A Reader . Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) website. Department of Health (DOH) website

52. Lesson 5 Title : Environmental Scanning and Strategic Analysis in Public Administration Subtitle : Tools for Effective Governance and Public Administration

53. Learning Objectives Understand environmental scanning and its importance in public administration. Learn the tools for environmental scanning and strategic analysis (PESTEL, SWOT). Apply these concepts to public sector organizations in the Philippine context.

54. What is Environmental Scanning? Definition : The process of analyzing and interpreting data to identify external and internal factors that can affect an organization’s performance. Purpose : Helps organizations anticipate change, assess risks, and develop strategies to achieve goals.

55. Types of Environments External Environment : Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, Legal (PESTEL). Internal Environment : Organizational structure, culture, resources, capabilities.

56. PESTEL Analysis Political : Changes in government policies, political stability. Economic : Economic conditions, inflation, unemployment. Social : Demographics, public behavior, social trends. Technological : Advancements in technology and innovation. Environmental : Sustainability, climate change, environmental regulations. Legal : Changes in laws and regulations.

57. SWOT Analysis Strengths : Internal capabilities that give an advantage. Weaknesses : Internal limitations. Opportunities : External factors to exploit for success. Threats : External challenges that may hinder progress.

58. The Strategic Analysis Process Data Collection : Gather relevant data from external and internal environments. Analysis : Use frameworks like PESTEL and SWOT. Decision Making : Identify strategic options. Implementation : Develop actionable strategies. Monitoring and Evaluation : Continuously track the progress.

59. Case Study: Environmental Scanning in Philippine Public Administration Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) : Scanning environmental issues like deforestation and climate change. Philippine Development Plan (PDP) : Use of PESTEL to address national development challenges.

60. Group Activity Instructions : In small groups of 5, select any public sector organization and apply PESTEL and SWOT analysis Present findings and strategic recommendations.

61. Summary of Key Concepts Environmental scanning is crucial for understanding the forces shaping public sector organizations. Tools like PESTEL and SWOT help identify opportunities and risks. Strategic analysis enables public organizations to respond effectively to changes.

62. References Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines . Manila: University of the Philippines Press. Bryson, J.M. (2018). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., & Lampel , J. (2009). Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management .

63. Lesson 6 Title : Strategic Leadership in Public Administration Subtitle : Leading Public Sector Organizations Toward Success

64. Learning Objectives Define strategic leadership in public administration. Identify key characteristics of strategic leaders. Analyze the role of strategic leadership in achieving organizational success in public administration.

65. What is Strategic Leadership? Definition : Strategic leadership is the ability to influence and guide an organization toward long-term goals and objectives. Importance : Helps public organizations navigate challenges and achieve goals while balancing political, social, and economic demands.

66. Key Characteristics of Strategic Leadership Visionary Thinking : Ability to set long-term organizational goals. Decisiveness & Accountability : Making informed decisions and being accountable. Innovation & Adaptability : Fostering a culture of innovation and adjusting to new challenges. Emotional Intelligence : Understanding and managing emotions to build strong relationships. Collaboration & Stakeholder Engagement : Engaging stakeholders for common goals.

67. Role of Strategic Leadership in Organizational Success Driving Change and Innovation : Encouraging new ideas and approaches. Building Organizational Capacity : Developing systems and structures for success. Sustaining Organizational Performance : Ensuring efficiency over the long term. Public Administration Example : NEDA and its role in shaping long-term development plans.

68. Strategic Leadership in the Philippines Public Sector Challenges : Corruption, limited resources, political influence. Case Study : Leadership of DOLE in addressing labor market issues during the COVID-19 pandemic.

69. Group Activity Instructions: Discuss real-world public sector challenges and propose leadership strategies to address them

70. Key Takeaways • Strategic leadership is vital in shaping the direction of public organizations. • Key leadership qualities include vision, adaptability, and collaboration. • Strategic leaders address challenges by fostering innovation and building capacity.

71. Conclusion Discussion Questions: o How can strategic leadership address the challenges faced by public organizations in the Philippines? o Why is it important for public sector leaders to balance political, organizational, and public expectations?

72. References • Bryson, J.M. (2018). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. • Northouse, P.G. (2018). Leadership: Theory and Practice. • Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines.

73. Lesson 7 Title : Formulating Strategy in Public Administration Subtitle : A Guide to Strategic Planning in Public Sector Organizations

74. Learning Objectives Define the strategy formulation process. Identify the steps in formulating strategies for public organizations. Apply strategic planning concepts to real-world public administration challenges.

75. What is Strategy Formulation? • Definition: Developing a plan of action to achieve long-term organizational goals, involving analysis of internal and external environments and aligning resources to meet objectives.

76. Key Steps in Strategy Formulation Environmental Analysis (SWOT & PESTEL) Setting Strategic Goals Identifying Strategic Options Choosing a Strategy Strategy Implementation

77. Environmental Analysis • SWOT: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. • PESTEL: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors. Example: SWOT for Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

78. Setting Strategic Goals and Objectives • SMART Goals: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound. • Example: Goal for DepEd to improve literacy by 10% in 5 years.

79. Identifying Strategic Options • Alternatives: Market penetration, service innovation, collaboration with stakeholders. • Evaluation: Use tools like cost-benefit analysis to evaluate options.

80. Strategy Choice and Formulation • After evaluating options, public administrators choose the best course of action. • Example: The “Build, Build, Build”Program .(Duterte) Build Better More Program.(Marcos)

81. Challenges in Strategy Formulation • Political influence, limited resources, public accountability, and stakeholder complexity. • Example: PhilHealth’s Strategic Planning amid political pressures.

82. Group Activity Instructions: Formulate a strategy for a public sector challenge. Use SWOT and PESTEL to analyze the situation and present strategic recommendations

83. Key Takeaways • Strategy formulation is crucial for achieving long-term goals in public organizations. • Effective strategies are based on thorough analysis and clear objectives. • Political and resource challenges play a significant role in public administration strategy.

84. Conclusion (Discussion) Questions: o How can strategic formulation improve public sector governance in the Philippines? o What factors influence strategy formulation in public administration?

85. References • Bryson, J.M. (2018). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. • Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines. • David, F.R. (2017). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases.

86. Lesson 8 Title: Implementing Strategies in Public Administration Subtitle: Turning Plans into Action in the Public Sector

87. Learning Objectives Understand the process of strategy implementation. Identify key factors contributing to successful implementation. Discuss common challenges in strategy execution in public organizations.

88. What is Strategy Implementation? Definition : Putting a strategy into action through effective execution to achieve goals. Importance : Ensures that public policies and programs deliver results for citizens and stakeholders.

89. Key Factors in Successful Strategy Implementation 1. Leadership and Commitment 2. Organizational Structure and Culture 3. Resource Allocation and Budgeting 4. Communication and Coordination

90. Strategy Implementation Models Balanced Scorecard (BSC) : Financial, customer, internal processes, learning & growth. McKinsey 7-S Framework : Aligning strategy, structure, systems, and culture. KPI (Key Performance Indicators) : Measuring success through specific metrics.

91. Common Challenges in Strategy Implementation Bureaucratic Inertia Political and Administrative Challenges Limited Resources Coordination Difficulties

92. Case Study Activity Instructions : Analyze a public sector strategy implementation case and propose solutions to overcome challenges

93. Key Takeaways • Strategy implementation requires alignment of leadership, resources, and organizational structure. • Communication and coordination are crucial for success. Political and administrative challenges often hinder implementation in the public sector.

94. Discussion Questions : What can be done to improve strategy implementation in the Philippine public sector? How do public administrators overcome challenges in implementing large-scale programs?

95. References • Bryson, J.M. (2018). Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations. • Kaplan, R.S., & Norton, D.P. (2007). Strategy Maps: Converting Intangible Assets into Tangible Outcomes. • Hrebiniak , L.G. (2006). Making Strategy Work: Leading Effective Execution and Change.

96. Lesson 9 Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and Strategic Alliances

97. Learning Objectives • Understand PPP and Strategic Alliances in public administration. • Analyze key components, benefits, and challenges. Evaluate examples of PPPs in the Philippine context.

98. What is a Public-Private Partnership (PPP)? • Definition: A collaboration between government and private entities to deliver public services and infrastructure. • Example: MRT 7 project.

99. Types of Public-Private Partnerships Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO) Joint Ventures (JV) Concessions

100. Key Components of PPPs • Risk Sharing: Governments and private entities share risks. • Financing: Private sector funds the project upfront. • Public Sector Role: Regulatory oversight and incentives. • Private Sector Role: Design, build, and operate.

101. Strategic Alliances in Public Administration • Definition: A partnership between public and private organizations to achieve mutual goals. • Examples: Research partnerships, service delivery collaborations, environmental partnerships.

102. Advantages of PPPs and Strategic Alliances Access to expertise Risk sharing Efficient service delivery Accelerated infrastructure development

103. Disadvantages of PPPs • Complexity in management • Potential for reduced public accountability • Risk of failure

104. Case Study Activity • Instructions: Analyze a PPP or strategic alliance in the Philippines. Discuss the roles, challenges, and benefits.

105. Key Takeaways PPPs and strategic alliances offer valuable opportunities for public sector growth. Both types of partnerships require careful planning, risk management, and collaboration.

106. Conclusion • Reflection Questions: o How can PPPs improve public services in the Philippines? o What challenges might arise in future PPP projects?

107. References • Cheung, E., & Riahi , R. (2015). Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. • Sia, A.A. (2016). Public Administration in the Philippines. • Asian Development Bank (2017). Public-Private Partnerships: An International Perspective.

108. Lesson 10 Title: Evaluation and Control in Public Administration Subtitle: Ensuring Accountability and Effectiveness

109. Learning Objectives • Understand evaluation and control in public administration. • Explore evaluation methods and control mechanisms. • Discuss the role of evaluation and control in accountability.

110. What is Evaluation? Definition : The systematic assessment of government programs or policies. Key Questions : Was the program effective? Were resources used efficiently?

111. Evaluation Methods • Formative Evaluation: Feedback during development. • Summative Evaluation: Assessment at the end of the program. • Qualitative: Interviews, case studies. • Quantitative: Surveys, data analysis.

112. Common Evaluation Frameworks • Logic Model: Connecting activities to outcomes. • SWOT Analysis: Internal and external evaluation. • Balanced Scorecard: Financial, customer, and internal perspectives.

113. What is Control in Public Administration? • Definition: Mechanisms to ensure the correct implementation of policies and programs. • Types of Control: o Financial Control o Performance Control o Regulatory Control

114. Examples of Control Mechanisms • COA (Philippine Commission on Audit): Auditing government financial activities. • Project Management Control: Infrastructure project monitoring.

115. Importance of Evaluation and Control for Accountability Transparency: Ensures government actions are open to scrutiny. Accountability: Holds public administrators responsible. Public Trust: Builds trust through effective evaluation and control systems.

116. Group Activity Task: Evaluate a public sector program and propose evaluation methods and control mechanisms.

117. Key Takeaways Evaluation and control are essential for public sector performance. They ensure policies are effective, efficient, and accountable. Strong evaluation and control mechanisms increase transparency and public trust.

118. Conclusion Reflection Question: How can evaluation and control processes be improved in the Philippine public administration system?

119. References Shields, P.M., & Rangarajan, N. (2013). A Practical Guide to Program Evaluation. Pettijohn , C., & Pettijohn , L. (2016). Evaluation and Control in Public Administration. McDavid, G. M., et al. (2013). Program Evaluation & Performance Measurement: An Introduction to Practice.

120. Lesson 11 Title: Crisis Management and Strategic Adaptation Subtitle: Responding to Crisis in Public Administration

121. Learning Objectives Understand the principles of crisis management. Explore strategic adaptation during crises. Analyze real-world examples of crisis management in the Philippines.

122. What is Crisis Management? Definition: Managing and responding to crises that disrupt normal operations. Key Phases: Prevention, Preparedness, Response, Recovery.

123. Stages of Crisis Management Prevention: Identifying risks. Preparedness: Establishing plans and resources. Response: Mobilizing resources during a crisis. Recovery: Restoring normalcy after the crisis.

124. Strategic Adaptation Definition: Adjusting strategies and policies to cope with changing crisis circumstances. Examples: Telemedicine, Digital Government Services during COVID-19.

125. Leadership in Crisis Management Role: Providing direction, making decisions, and ensuring clear communication. Decision-Making Models: Centralized vs. Decentralized.

126. Communication during a Crisis Effective Communication: Accurate, timely, and clear communication to reduce public panic and ensure compliance. Example: COVID-19 communications by the Philippine government.

127. Group Activity Task: Analyze a crisis scenario and propose strategies for crisis management and adaptation.

128. Key Takeaways Crisis management is a structured approach that requires preparation, adaptability, and leadership. Strategic adaptation helps public administrators remain resilient in the face of crises.

129. Conclusion Reflection Question: What lessons can we learn from recent crises in the Philippines about effective crisis management?

130. References Boin , A., & Hart, P. 't (2003). Crisis Management: A Handbook for Practitioners . Fitzpatrick, T. (2016). Crisis Management in the Public Sector . National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) reports.

131. Lesson 12 Title: Future Trends in Strategic Management for Public Administration Subtitle: Preparing for the Challenges and Opportunities Ahead

132. Learning Objectives Understand the future trends in public administration. Explore how technological advancements, sustainability, and collaboration will impact strategic management. Discuss the implications for leadership and governance in public administration.

133. The Changing Landscape of Public Administration • Key Drivers of Change: Technology, globalization, sustainability, citizen expectations. • Need for Strategic Adaptation: Public administration must evolve to address these new challenges.

134. Key Future Trends in Strategic Management Technological Advancements: AI, data analytics, smart cities. Sustainability: SDGs, climate action, green policies. Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborative governance. Globalization: International cooperation, cross-border collaboration. Changing Public Expectations: Transparency, citizen-centric services.

135. Technological Advancements Digital Transformation: AI, blockchain, IoT. Smart Cities: Using tech to improve urban living. Example: PhilSys and digital payment systems in the Philippines.

136. Sustainability and Environmental Considerations Aligning with SDGs: Addressing climate change, resource management. Green Policies: Promoting eco-friendly practices. Example: Philippine NCCAP for climate resilience.

137. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and Collaborative Governance PPP Projects: Infrastructure, service delivery, and innovation. Collaborative Governance: Engaging multiple stakeholders. Example: Mactan-Cebu International Airport.

138. Globalization and Geopolitical Trends Global Governance: International collaboration on public health, trade, security. Cross-Border Cooperation: Regional partnerships like ASEAN. Example: Philippine response to COVID-19 with WHO and ASEAN.

139. Changing Public Expectations Transparency and Accountability: Public demand for clear, honest governance. Citizen-Centric Services: Personalized and efficient government services. Example: Philippine e-Government initiatives.

140. Key Implications for Public Administration Leadership Adaptability: Embracing innovation and flexibility. Data-Driven Decisions: Relying on analytics for better governance. Public Sector Innovation: Leveraging technology and collaboration.

141. Group Activity Task: Analyze a future trend and propose strategies for public administration adaptation.

142. Key Takeaways Future trends will require public administrators to be more agile, innovative, and collaborative. Embrace technology, sustainability, and citizen-centered governance to enhance public service delivery.

143. Conclusion Reflection Question: How can the Philippine government use emerging trends to improve governance and citizen services?

144. References Barrett, P. (2020). Public Administration and the Future of Governance. Agranoff , R., & McGuire, M. (2011). Collaborative Public Management. United Nations (2020). 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

145. Thank you