STRESS AND ADAPTATION

STRESS AND ADAPTATION FOR NURSING

1. S TRESS AND ADAPTATION

2. I NTRODUCTION : Stress is a part of life. Everyone feels stress at one time or another. The experience of stress & the way one response to it are unique to each individual. The process of responding to stress is constant & dynamic & is essential to the person’s physical, emotional & social well being.

3. TERMINOLOGY: STRESS “ It is a condition in which the human system responds to changing in its normal balanced state .stress result from a change in the environment ,that is presided as a challenge a threat or a danger and can have both negative and positive effects.” - Pender and Parsons (2006)

4. C O N T I … 2 ) STRESSOR “ stressor are themselves neither positive nor negative but they can have positive and negative effects as the persons responds to the changes.”

5. C ONTI …. ADAPTATION “ when perso n i s i n a thre a tening situation immediate response occur .those response are often involuntary ,are called coping response. The change that take places as a result of the responses to a stressor is adaptation .”

6. HOMEOSTASIS “The various physiologic mechanism within the body responses to internal changes to maintain relative constancy in the internal environment is called homeostasis.” PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS PSYCHOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS

7. PHYSIOLOGIC HOMEOSTASIS Autonomic nervous system & the endocrine system primarily control homeostasis mechanisms . self r e gu l atory , occur without thou g ht, & usually fu n ction to consc i o u s co rrect abnormal conditions. Short term & long term stress can threaten the physiologic homeostasis & result in illness,

8. TYPES OF PHYSIOLOG I C A L HOMEOSTASIS LOCAL ADAP T A TION RESPONSE GENERAL A D A P TA TION SYNDROME

9. LOCAL ADPTAVIE RE S PONSE THE REFLEX PAIN RESPONSE THE INF L AMATORY RESPONSE

10. G ENE RAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME According to “Hans Selye” Three distinct stages:- ALARM REAC T ION STAGE STAGE OF RESISTANCE STAGE OF EXHAUSTION

11. ALARM RESPONSE This is the “ Fight or Flight” response that prepares the body for immediate action

12. S T A G E OF A D AP TA TI O N / RESIS T A N CE PHASE  If the source persists, the body prepares for long-term protection, secreting hormones to increase blood sugar levels. This phase is common and not necessarily harmful, but must include periods of relaxation and rest to counterbalance the stress response. Fatigue, concentration lapses, irritability and lethargy result as the stress turns negative.

13. STAGE OF EXHAUSTION  In chronic stress situations, sufferers enter the exhaustion phase: emotional, physical and mental resources suffer heavily, the body e x p e rie n ces ‘ ad r e n al e x h a u s tio n ’ le a di n g to decreased stress tolerance, progressive mental and physical exhaustion, illness and collapse.

14. PSYCHOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS  Each person needs to feel loved & a sense of belonging, to feel safe & secure & to have self-esteem. When these needs are not met or a threat to need fulfillment occurs homeostatic measures in the form of coping or defense mechanisms help return the person to emotional balance.

15. TYPES OF STRESS

16. NEGATIVE STRESS It is a contributory factor in minor conditions, such as headaches, digestive problems, skin complaints, insomnia and ulcers. Excessive, prolonged and unrelieved stress can have a harmful effect on mental, physical and spiritual health.

17. POSITIVE STRESS Stress can also have a positive effect, spurring motivation and awareness, providing the stimulation to cope with challenging situations. Stress also provides the sense of urgency and alertness needed for survival when confronting threatening situations.

18. TYPES OF STRESSOR E N VI R ONME N T AL STRESSORS PHYSIOLOG I C A L STRESSORS SOCIAL STRESSORS TH O UG H TS

19. EFFECTS OF THE STRESSOR Family reaction to illness Health and illness Basic h u m a n need

20. THE SOURCE OF STRESS Developmental stress Situational stress TYPES OF STRESSOR EXPERIENCED Physiologic stressor Psychological stressors PERSON A L F A C T ORS

21. ADAPTATION TO STRESS (IMBALANCE )

22. ADAPTATION TO STRESS (BALANCE ) Pe r cep t ion of stress S o u r ces Coping me chani s m Balance

23. P SYCHOLOGICAL STRESS ADAPTATION Mind body interaction Anxiety Coping mechanisms

24. M IND BODY INTERACTION humans react to threats of danger as if they were physiologic threats of a person perceives the threat on an emotional level& the body prepares itself to either resist the danger or to run away from it. Each person reacts in Backache Constipation Diarrhea Dilated pupils Dry mouth Headache nausea Sleep disturbances

25. AN X IETY MILD A N XI E TY MODER A T E S E V E RE P ANIC

26. COPING MECHANISMS COMPENSATION DENIAL DI S PLACEMENT INTROJECTION PROJECTION RATIONALIZATION REACTION FORMATION REPRESSION SUB L IM A TION UNDOING

27. INTERVENTIONS TO REDU C E ANXIETY a). Exercise:- Regular exercises help to maintain physical & emotional health. b). Rest and sleep:- Rest and sleep helps the body to maintain homeostasis & restore energy levels. c). Nutrition:- It plays an important role in maintaining the body’s homeostatic mechanisms & in increasing resistance to stress. Obesity & malnutrition are major stressors & greatly increase the risk of illness. d). Encouraging the use of support system:- Support system provides emotional support that helps a person identify & verbalize feelings associated with stress.

28. S T E S S AS A T R A N S A CTION B E T W E E N THE IN D IVI D UAL & THE ENVIRONMENT PRECIPITATING EVENT PREDISPOSING FACTORS GENETIC INFLUENCE EXISTING CONDITION PAST EXPERIENCES COGNITIVE APPRAISAL PRIMARY IRRELEVANT BENIGN POSITIVE STRESS APPRAISAL NO RESPONSE PLEASURABLE RESPONSE HARM THREAT CHALLENGE SECONDARY Availability of coping strategies Perceived effectiveness of coping strategies Perceived ability to use coping strategies effectively QUALITY OF RESPONSE ADAPTIVE MALADAPTIVE

29. STUART STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL PREDISPOSING FACTORS BIOLOGICAL PPSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIOCULTURAL PRECIPITATING STRESSORS NATURE ORIGIN TIMING NUMBER APPRAISAL OF STRESSOR COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL SOCIAL COPING RESOURCES PERSONAL ABILITIES SOCIAL SUPPORT MATERIAL ASSETS POSITIVE BELIEFS COPING MECHANISMS CONSTRUCTIVE DESTRUCTIVE CONTINUUM OF COPING RESPONSES ADAPTIVE RESPONSE MALADAPTIVE RESPONSE NURSING DIAGNOSIS

30. STRESS MANAGEMENT MEDITATION PROBL E M SOLVING RELAXATION INTERPERSONAL C O MM UN I C A TION WITH CARING PETS M U S IC A W A R ENE S S