Structuralism !

Structuralism - a literary movement

1. OBJECTIVE VIEW!

2. STRUCTURALISM AS A LITERARY MOVEMENT

3. IT is a 20 th century Intellectual movement. Inaugurated in 1920 by CLAUDE LEVI STRAUSS – CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGIST Basically a FRENCH MOVEMENT. STRURALISM AS A LITERARY MOVEMENT

4. STRUTURALISM is a form of criticism which sought to understand a work Of art in the context of structures which has genre, culture and language.

5. Structuralism as a general movement Every system has a structure Structuralism is what determines the position of each element of the whole Structuralism existence with the CO-EXISTENCE rather than changes Structure are the real things that lie beneath the surface of appearance of meaning

6. FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE FATHER OF STURALISM STRUCTURALISM holds that all the human activities and its products even perception and thought Itself are constructed not by nature. It is closely related to SEMIOLOGY – the study of sign symbols and communication and how meanings are constructed and understood It is a human science profound effect on linguistics, sociology, anthropology and other fields in addition to philosophy.

7. EUROPEON STRUCTURALISM DE SASSURE was not satisfied with historical comparison of language. He stated that these comparison only provide questions that where the language comes from, But not what the language is?

8. Units and rules Structuralists are interested in inter relationship between units and rules . Units are also called surface phenomenon Rules the ways that units can be put together In language, units are words and the rules which are forms of grammar which order word . In different languages, the grammar rules are different but the structure is still same in all languages : words are put Together within a grammatical system to make meaning.

9. Properties of structuralism wholeness transformation Self - regulation

10. WHOLENESS TRANSFORMATION SELF REGULATION This means that system works as a whole, not just as a collection of independent parts . This mean that system is not static but capable of change. News units can enter the system but they are governed by grammatical rules of the system This is related to the transformation. You can add elements to the system but you cannot change the basic structure no matter what you add to it. The transformations of a system never lead to anything outside the system.

11. Main tenets Language has a structure.(smaller units arrange systematically to larger ones) Language is the combination of signs. Language operates at two levels .

12. SIGN Sign is essential arbitrary and there is no natural relationship b etween signifier. Sign is constituted by the signifier and signified because the words has no meanings

13. Symbols and signs are the vehicles through which we conceptualize the things So what does it say about the relationship between language and thought? Can you have thought without language I mplications

14. SIGNIFIED AND SIGNIFIER SIGNIFIER SIGNIFIED = SIGN THINGS THAT GIVES MEANINGS WHAT IS EVOKED IN MIND? ANYTHING THAT CONVEYS MEANING

15. Signifier and Signified Saussure explained that a sign was not only a sound-image but also a concept. Thus he divided the sign into two components: the signifier (or "sound-image") and the signified (or "concept"). For Saussure, the signified and signifier were purely psychological; they were form rather than substance.

16. langue is the whole system of language that precedes and makes speech possible. A sign is a basic unit of langue. Parole is the concrete use of the language, the actual utterances. It is an external manifestation of langue. It is the usage of the system, but not the system . Langue and Parole

17. Universality of structuralism Every human mind in every culture at every point in history has used some sort of structuring principles to understand and organize cultural phenomenon. Every human culture has some sort of language, which has basic structure of all languages; words / phoneme are formed according to the grammatical rules to produce meanings. Every human culture similarly has some sort of social organization. All of these organizations are governed according to structuralist analysis, by the structure which are universal.

18. C onclusion Saussure’s structuralism were based on following assumptions: Language has a synchronic structure not diachronic. Idea of signifier and signified. Relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary. Idea of langue and parole. Each sign gives meaning due to its difference from other sign.

19. THANKX FOR WATCHING!