STRUCTURE, APPLICATION AND USES OF DDT, BHC,SACCHARINE, AND CHLORAMINE.pptx

STRUCTURE, APPLICATION AND USES OF DDT, BHC, SACCHARINE, AND CHLORAMINE

1. SHRI RAMSWAROOP MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki ORGANIC CHEMISTRY STRUCTURE, APPLICATION AND USES OF DDT, BHC, SACCHARINE, AND CHLORAMINE

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) 2. BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE (BHC) 3. SACCHARIN 4. CHLORAMINE

3. DDT is an organo chlorine almost odorless, colorless and tasteless crystalline chemical compound that originally developed as insecticide that kills by acting as a nerve poison. Synthesized in 1874 by German chemist Othmar Zeidler . Its insecticidal properties were discovered by Paul Muller in 1939. Othmar Zeidler Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) INTRODUCTION

4. STRUCTURE General formula C 14 H 9 CL 5 For every molecules of DDT, there are 14 carbon atoms, 9 hydrogen atoms and 5 chlorine atoms Solubility : water insoluble and fat soluble DDT does not occur naturally and is synthesized by consecutive Friedel-crafts reaction between chloral and two equivalent chlorobenzene (C6H5CL) in the presence of acididc catalyst. Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

5. METHOD OF PREPRATION Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is prepared by heating chloral and chlorobenzene in 1:2 ratio in the presence of conc. sulphuric acid.

6. DERIVATIVES OF DDT DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its derivatives include: Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) A metabolite of DDT that is produced when DDT undergoes dehydrochlorination under aerobic conditions. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) A metabolite of DDT that is produced when DDT undergoes reductive dichlorination under anoxic conditions. Diphenylmethane (DPM) A small amount of DPM is found in the final product of DDT dichlorination. 1,1-diphenylethane (DPE) and 1,2-diphenylethane (BB) These compounds are produced when DDT undergoes complete dechlorination at 260°C

7. DDT : Uses and Effects It kills insects, mainly mosquitoes that carry malaria India and North Korea both still use DDT as means of an agricultural pesticide Approximately 3000-4000 tons are produced annually 2-15 years in soil half-life 150 years in aquatic half-life DDT can passed onto the consumers of the plants, such as animals and humans Cause the eggshell of the birds to thin and cause embryo deaths. It can develop liver lesion and liver tumor. Cause hormones problem in animals Nausea , confusion , vomiting , tremors, lethargy , and incordination.

8. DDT Mode of Action DDT works by increasing the flow of sodium ions through the cell membrane of nervous system in insect by opening up of the channels through which the signalling ions flow. The neurons are made to fire artificially. This is done on large scale and the Nervous system is overloaded sending uncontrolled messages around the body and causing death. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

9. BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE (BHC) Benzene hexachloride is an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane with a chemical formula C 6 H 6 CL 6 . Also known as Lindane or Hexachlorane It is a colourless solid with a slight musty odour Widely used as an agricultural insecticide as well as pharmaceutical treatment for scabies and lice. Some side effects of lindane are burning, stinging, or redness of the skin. In the year 1825, Faraday was the first person to originally synthesize this chemical. Michael Faraday INTRODUCTION

10. STRUCTURE CL CL CL CL CL CL The above image describes the Benzene hexachloride structure. C6H6Cl6 is the chemical formula of Benzene hexachloride. The Benzene hexachloride molecule is a gamma-isomer which is expected to be a human carcinogen. Benzene hexachloride has six carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and six chlorine atoms.

11. PREPARATION OF BHC Chlorine combines with benzene, in the presence of sunlight and in the absence of oxygen as well as substitution catalysts, to form hexachlorocyclohexane. Lindane can be prepared from chlorine and benzene by photochlorination. The product obtained i.e benzene hexachloride comprises isomers from which only the gamma-isomer is wanted. Gamma-isomer is got by treating the reaction mixture with acetic acid or methanol in which only the alpha and beta isomers dissolve easily.

12. USES OF BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE Benzene hexachloride is used as an insecticide on crops, in forestry, for seed treatement. It is used in the treatment of head and body lice. It is used in pharmaceuticals. It is used to treat scabies. It is used in shampoo.

13. HEALTH RISKS OF BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE It is highly toxic but non-combustible. Lindane can cause irritation on contact. When swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin it may be fatal. Better to avoid skin contact. This compound is stimulant of the nervous system, which causes violent convulsions that are rapid in onset and lead to death or recovery within 24 hours of time.

14. SACCHARIN Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. Used as a non calorific sweetener. 300-400 times as sweet as sucrose. Used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies cookies medicines and toothpaste In 1879 C.Fahelberg who is chemist discovered saccharin. In 1912, Food Inspection Decision 142 stated that saccharin was not harmful C.Fahelberg INTRODUCTION

15. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE Saccharin is a cyclic sulfimide. Molecular formula : C7H5NO3S. Another name is “Benzoic sulfmint” or “Ortho sunfobenzamint”. Odorless white crystals or crystalline powder Intensely sweet taste It can have an unpleasant, bitter after taste Slightly soluble in benzene, ethyl ether, chloroform; soluble in acetone and ethanol.

16. APPLICATIONS AND USE NEGATIVE EFFECTS Saccharine is often featured in various vitamin supplements and medicines and it can be used for the baking as a substitute for sugar. Saccharine has been used to sweeten foods and beverages without calories. Saccharine provides products with increased stability, improved taste, lower production costs and more choices for the consumer. Saccharin is especially beneficial to people with diabetes and the obese, and reduce dental cavities. The use of saccharin is particularly important to those whose diets require a restriction of caloric or carbohydrate intake, such as people with diabetes.

17. NEGATIVE EFFECTS POSITIVE EFFECTS Acute( short-term) health effects: irritate the skin Other long-term effects: In very high concentration, cause a skin allergy Itching and a skin rash. Allergic reactions ( sulfonamide) in people taking sulfa drugs. Symptoms with allergies include headache, difficulty breathing, rash and diarrhea. Saccharin was found in milk is also a risk factor for muscle dysfunction such as pregnant women, infants and especially infants should not use products containing saccharin Saccharin is considered as a functional food that is no toxin to human health. However, there are some problem that relate to using of Saccharin. Replacing sugar with a low-calorie sweetener may benefit weight loss and protect against obesity. Saccharin is often recommended as a sugar substitute for people with diabetes. also reduce the risk of cavities.

18. CHLORAMINE Chloramines refer to derivatives of ammonia and organic amines wherein one or more N−H bonds have been replaced by N−Cl bonds. Molecular formula: CLH 2 N Average mass - 51.476 Da Monoisotopic mass - 50.987576 Da

19. ADVANTAGES As disinfectant used to treat drinking water Chloramine not as reactive with organic compounds so significantally less dbps will form Chloramine residuals are more stable and long lasting Chloramine provide better protection against bacterial regrowth in system with large storage tanksand dead end water mainswhen residuals are maintained Since chloramines do not react with organic compounds; less taste and odour complaints Inexpensive Easy to make

20. DISADVANTAGES Not as strong as other disinfectant eg. Chlorine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide Cannot oxidize iron, manganese and sulfides Chloramines are less effective at high ph Forms of chloramine such as dichloramine cause treatement and operating problems Excess ammonia leads to nitrification Chloramines used in pools cause eye and skin irritation

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