structure-vs-function-TRIAL

1. Santa Ana de Coro, January 2010

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMETAL
“
FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA”

AREA CIENCIAS DE LA Educación

PROGRAMA DE EDUCACION MENCION INGLES
.
LCDO JULIO REYES

2. Grammar
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

3. Grammar
Grammar is the set of logical and structural
rules that govern the composition of sentences,
phrases, and words in any given natural
language.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

4. It´s the field of linguistics related to the rules
governing the use of any given natural language. It
includes morphology and syntax, often
complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics,
and pragmatics.
“the lucky boys” Well formed
*boys the lucky
* lucky boys the
Ill formed
“Internal linguistic knowledge which operates in
the production and recognition of appropriately
structured expressions in a language”
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.
Grammar

5. Why Study Grammar?
When you study grammar, you are studying
the structure of languages, and learning about
how languages work. There are two types of
grammar you can study: descriptive and
prescriptive.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

6. Different Approaches
Noam Chomsky
Transformational / Generative Grammar
Prescriptive Approach
M.A.K Halliday
Systemic Functional Grammar
Descriptive Approach
The only relevant issues in the
description of a language are syntactic
ones, that is, prescribe rules and
describe structures.
The 'meaning component' is primary for
analyzing the language.
Vs. Vs. ??
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

7. Descriptive Grammar
Descriptive grammar, on the one hand,
refers to the structure of languages as they
are actually used. Descriptive grammar is
generally produced by linguists interested in
specific languages or the nature of language in
general.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

8. THE DESCRIPTIVE APPROACH
This approach is the basis of most modern attempts to characterize the
structure of different languages. It attempts to describe the regular
structures of the language as it is used, not according to some view of how
it should be used.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

9. Prescriptive Grammar
Prescriptive grammar refers to the
structure of languages as people think they
should be used. These grammars are generally
developed by writing and language teachers
(grammarians) who are responsible for
instruction in standard forms of expression.
They are most frequently applied to the standard
written forms of language.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

10. The Prescriptive Approach
This was an approach taken by some grammarians, mainly in
eighteenth-century in England, who set out rules for the correct
or 'proper' use of English.
Structure of English sentences Structure of sentences in Latin.
(1) You must not split an infinitive.
(2) You must not end a sentence with a preposition.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

11. Generative Grammar
It’s a system of rules which attempts to specify what combinations of
basic elements would result in well-formed sentences.
This explicit system of rules, it was proposed, would have much in
common with the types of rules found in mathematics. Indeed, a definitive
early statement in Chomsky's first major work betrays this essentially
mathematical view of language: "I will consider a language to be a set (finite
or infinite) of sentences" (Chomsky, 1957: 13).
Grammar Rules generate Sentences
SYNTAX
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12. Chomsky has argued that many of the properties of a
generative grammar arise from an "innate" Universal
Grammar, which deals with principles of grammar shared by
all languages.
Proponents of generative grammar have argued that
most grammar is not the result of communicative function
and is not simply learned from the environment.
Generative Grammar
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

13. The grammar will generate all the well-formed syntactic structures (e.g.
sentences) of the language and fail to generate any ill-formed structures.
The grammar will have a finite (i.e. limited) number of rules, but will be
capable of generating an infinite number of well-formed structures.
The productivity of language (i.e. the creation of totally novel, yet
grammatical, sentences) would be captured within the grammar.
The rules of grammar will need the crucial property of recursion, that is, the
capacity to be applied more than once in generating a structure.
This grammar should also be capable of revealing the basis of two other
phenomena: first, how some superficially distinct sentences are closely
related, and second, how some superficially similar sentences are in fact
distinct.
Some Properties of Grammar
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

14. Labeled Tree Diagrams
NP
Art
The
N
monkey
NP
Art N
The monkey
NP
Art
The
N
monkey
NP
Art N
The monkey
NP
Art N
The monkey
NP
Art N
The monkey
S
VP
V
NP
ate
Art
a
N
banana
NP
Art N
The monkey
NP
Art N
The monkey
S
VP
V
NP
ate
Art
a
N
banana
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

15. Phrase Structure Rules
S
NP VP
S
NP VP
S → NP VP
N → {boy, girl, dog] V → {saw, followed, helped}
PN → (George, Mary] Prep → {with, near}
Art → {a, the] Adv → (yesterday, recently}
Adj → (small, crazy}
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

16. Transformational Rules
I. George helped Mary yesterday.
II. Yesterday George helped Mary.
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17. Transformational Rules
Particle Movement: Doobie picked the magazine up
 Doobie picked up the magazine.
 Doobie picked the magazine up.
This type of transformational analysis solved a number of tricky
problems for previous syntactic descriptions.
NP Verb NP Particle.
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18. QuestionsQuestions?
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20. An English professor wrote the sentence:
“A woman without her man is nothing”
On the blackboard and then asked his students to punctuate it correctly.
All of the male students in the class wrote:
“A woman, without her man, is nothing.
All of the females in the classroom wrote:
A woman: without her, man is nothing.
Lcdo. Julio Reyes.

21. Lcdo. Julio Reyes.