student of medical profession that help and care

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2. AssigmentCHNReportingwriting
SubmittedtoMamsummera submmitted
by irfan ullah
semester5th
Date28/8/2024

3. Introduction
whatis polio.
.itisadiseasewhichiscausedby(poliomyelitis)
Poliovirusisamemberofafamilyofvirusescalledthe
Picornaviridae.
Virionsaresphericalinshapewithadiameterofabout
27nm
. Its outer coat or capsid is composed of 60 protomers
eachmadeof4virionproteinsVP1,VP2,VP3,andVP4
arranged in icosahedral symetry.

5. •Perhaps the earliest recorded case of
poliomyelitis is that of Sir Walter Scott. In
1773, Scott was said to have developed "a
severe teething fever which deprived him of
thepowerofhisrightleg".Atthetime,polio was
not known to medicine
•, the first known clinical description of polio,
by British doctor Michael Underwood, was
notuntil1789,anditwasformallyrecognized as a
condition in 1840 by German physician Jakob
Heine.

6. Rationaleofmytopic
•iselectedpolioasatopicbecauseit'sasignificantpublic health
issue in Pakistan. Here are some reasons why:
•1.*Endemiccountry*:Pakistanisoneofthetworemaining
countries (along with Afghanistan) where wild poliovirus
(WPV) is still endemic.
•2.*Resurgence*:manychildren,causingparalysis,
disability, and even death.
•3. *Global concern*: The global health community is
concernedabouttheongoingtransmissionofpolioin
Pakistan, as it poses a risk of international spread

7. •4._Economicandsocialimpact_:Poliohassignificant
economic and social implications, including:
•-Disabilityandparalysis
•-Reducedproductivityandeconomicburden
•you can explore the complexities of public health,
vaccinationefforts,andthechallengesoferadicating a
disease in a specific context like Pakistan.

8. Factorsresponsibleforpolioviruse
Herearesomefactorsthatcontributetothepersistence
andtransmissionofpolioinPakistan:
*EnvironmentalFactors:*
1._Poorsanitationandhygiene_
2._Inadequatewastemanagement_
3._Contaminatedwatersources_
4._Floodingandnaturaldisasters_
.

9. •ofeach:
•1. *Poorsanitationandhygiene*:Inadequate waste disposal, open
defecation,andpoorhandwashingpracticesallowthepoliovirusto
survive and spread.
•2.*Inadequatewastemanagement*:Improperdisposalofhuman
wasteandgarbageprovidesabreedinggroundforthevirus.
•3. *Contaminated water sources*: Polluted water sources, such
asrivers,streams,andwells,cancontainthepoliovirus,infectingthose
whocomeintocontactwithit.
•4.*Floodingandnaturaldisasters*:Naturaldisasterslikefloodscan
contaminate watersources,damagesanitation infrastructure,
anddisplacepeople,increasingtheriskofpoliotransmission.
•.

10. Causes
•Notwashingyourhandsaftergoingtothebathroomor
touchingpoop(likechangingdiapers).
•Drinkingcontaminated wateror gettingit inyourmouth.
•Eatingfoodsthathavetouchedcontaminatedwater.
•Swimmingincontaminatedwater.Watercanbecome
contaminatedwhensomeonewhohasdiarrheaswimsinit.

11. signsandsymptoms
•Manypeoplehavemildsymptomsofpoliolikefever
andfatigue.Somepeoplewillhaveserioussympto
mslikemuscleweakness,braininflammationandp
aralysis.

13. prevention
•Thepoliovaccineisavitaltoolinthefightagainstpolio.
Herearesomekeyfactsaboutthepolio vaccine:
•*TypesofPolioVaccines:*
•1. *Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV)*: Given as
aninjection,IPVprovidesimmunityagainstallthreetypesof
poliovirus.
•2.*OralPoliovirusVaccine(OPV)*:Givenorally,OPViseasy to
administer and provides herd immunity, but carries a small
risk of vaccine-associated polio paralysis

14. Conclusions
•Herearesomeconclusionsthatcanbedrawnaboutpolio:
•1. *Polio is a preventable disease*: Vaccination is the
mosteffectivewaytopreventpolio.
•2.*Polioeradicationispossible*:Globaleffortshavereduced
polio cases by over 99% since 1988.
•3.*Challengespersist*:PakistanandAfghanistanremainendemic,andva
ccinehesitancy,conflict,andpoorinfrastructurehinder eradication
efforts

15. References..
•BennettJE,etal.Poliovirus. In:Mandell,Douglas,andBennett's
PrinciplesandPracticeofInfectiousDiseases.9thed.Elsevier;
2020.https://www.clinicalkey.com.AccessedAug.26,2022.