Subject matter of copyright law

IPR

1. Intellectual Property Rights
Presented by
Dr. B.Rajalingam
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
PriyadarshiniCollege of Engineering & Technology, Nellore
Revision (Unit 3)
Subject Matter of Copyright Law

2. Syllabus
Law of Copy Rights:
•Fundamental of Copy Right Law
•Originality of Material, Rights of Reproduction
•Rights to Perform the Work Publicly
•Copy Right Ownership Issues
•Copy Right Registration
•Notice of Copy Right
•International Copy Right Law
Law of Patents:
•Foundation of Patent Law
•Patent Searching Process
•Ownership Rights and Transfer
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 2

3. Introduction
•Thelimitsofcopyrightabilityaredictatedbyfederalstatute.
•Accordingto17U.S.C.§102,copyrightprotectionexistsinoriginalworksof
authorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,nowknownorlater
developed.
•Thus,therearethreebasicrequirementsforcopyrightability:
1.Aworkmustbeoriginal.
2.Aworkmustbefixedinatangibleformofexpression.
3.Aworkmustbeaworkofauthorship.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 3

4. Originality of material
•Tobeeligibleforcopyrightprotection,materialmustbeoriginal,meaningthatit
musthavebeenindependentlycreatedandmustpossessamodicumofcreativity.
•Therequirementoforiginalityshouldnotbeconfusedwithnovelty,worthiness,or
aestheticappeal.
•Therequirementisratherthatthematerialmustbeanindependentproductofthe
authorandnotmerelysomecopyorminimalvariationofanexistingwork.
•Aworkcanbeoriginalevenifitisstrikinglysimilaroridenticaltothatof
another.
•TheCopyrightActonlyrequiresoriginality,meaningindependentcreationbythe
author.
•Thus,iftwophotographerseachtakephotographsoftheWashingtonMemorial,
eachwillhavecopyrightprotectionforthework.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 4

5. Cont…
•Originalitydoesnotsignifynovelty;aworkmaybeoriginaleventhoughitclosely
resemblesotherworkssolongasthesimilarityisfortuitous,nottheresultof
copying.
•Toillustrate,assumethattwopoets,eachignorantoftheother,composeidentical
poems.
•Neitherworkisnovel,yetbothareoriginal,and,hence,copyrightable.
•“Originality”thusdoesnotmean“first”;itmerelymeans“independentlycreated”
ratherthancopiedfromotherworks.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 5

6. Fixation of Material
•TheCopyrightActprotectsworksofauthorshipthatare“fixedinanytangible
mediumofexpression.”
•Aworkis“fixed”whenitisembodiedinacopyorphonorecordandissufficiently
permanentorstabletopermitittobeperceived,reproduced,orcommunicatedfor
aperiodofmorethantransitoryduration.
•Therearethustwocategoriesoftangibleexpressioninwhichworkscanbefixed:
“copies”and“phonorecords.”
•Acopyisamaterialobjectfromwhichaworkcanbeperceived,reproduced,or
communicated,eitherdirectlybyhumanperceptionorwiththehelpofamachine.
•Aphonorecordisamaterialobjectinwhichsoundsarefixedandfromwhichthe
soundscanbeperceived,reproduced,orcommunicatedeitherdirectlybyhuman
perceptionorwiththehelpofamachine.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 6

7. Works of authorship
•TheCopyrightActprovidesthatcopyrightprotectionsubsistsinoriginalworks
ofauthorshipfixedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,nowknownor
hereafterdeveloped,fromwhichtheycanbeperceived,reproduced,orotherwise
communicated,eitherdirectlyorwiththeaidofamachine.
•17U.S.C.§102.Section102thenlistseightcategoriesofprotectableworks.
•Thelistisprecededbythephrasethatworksofauthorship“include”those
categories,demonstratingthatthelistedcategoriesarenottheonlytypesof
worksthatcanbeprotected,butareillustrativeonly.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 7

8. Cont…
•Theeightenumeratedcategoriesareasfollows:
1.Literaryworks,
2.Musicalworks(includingaccompanyingwords)
3.Dramaticworks(includingaccompanyingmusic)
4.Pantomimesandchoreographicworks
5.Pictorial,graphic,andsculpturalworks
6.Motionpicturesandotheraudiovisualworks
7.Soundrecordings
8.Architecturalworks
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9. Literary works
•Aliteraryworkisoneexpressedinwords,numbers,orotherverbalornumerical
symbols,regardlessofthenatureofthematerialobjects,suchasbooks,periodicals,
manuscripts,phonorecords,film,tapes,discs,orcards,inwhichtheyareembodied.
•Thisbroadcategoryincludesworksoffictionandnonfiction,poetry,catalogs,reports,
writtenspeeches,pamphlets,andmanuscripts.
•Workssuchascomputerprograms,databases,andwebsitesarealsotreatedasliterary
worksbecausetheyareexpressedinlettersandnumbers.
•Literaryworkscanincludedirectories,anemployeehandbook,aninstructionmanual,
oranadvertisement.
•Thefactthatmanypeoplewouldnotregardanadvertisementoraninstruction
manualtobeliteraryinthesensethewordisusuallyusedisofnosignificance.
•Ifthematerialisoriginal,infixedform,andcanbeexpressedinlettersornumbers,it
is“literary”eventhoughitmaybeentirelylackinginartisticmerittomostpeople.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 9

10. Musical Works (Including Accompanying Words)
•Amusicalwork,togetherwithitsaccompanyingwords,iscopyrightable.A
musicalworkorcompositionmaybeintheformofanotatedcopy(suchassheet
music)orintheformofaphonorecord(suchasarecord,acassettetape,oraCD).
•Theauthorofamusicalworkisusuallythecomposer,andthelyricist,ifany.
•Thelyricsorwordstoamusicalcompositionarenotprotectedasaliterarywork,
butratherasamusicalwork.
•Bothelementsofacompositionareseparatelyprotected.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 10

11. Dramatic Works (Including Accompanying Music)
•Adramaticworkisusuallyatheatricalperformanceorplayperformedforstage,
movie,television,orradio.
•Dramaticworksusuallyincludespokentext,plot,anddirectionsforaction,such
asscreenplaysorscripts.
•Themusicaccompanyingadramaticworkisprotectedasadramaticworkrather
thanasanindependentmusicalwork.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 11

12. Pantomimes and Choreographic Works
•Pantomimeormimeisaperformanceusinggesturesandexpressionto
communicatewithnoaccompanyingsound.Animpromptustreetperformanceof
mimewouldnotbeprotected(becauseitisnotfixedinsomestableorpermanent
mediumofexpression),butafilmedperformanceofthefamousmimeMarcel
Marceauoraprecisedescriptionofthepantomimeintextwouldbeprotected.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 12

13. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Works
•Pictorial,graphic,andsculpturalworksincludetwo-dimensionalandthree-
dimensionalworksoffine,graphic,andappliedart.
•Thiscategoryofcopyrightedworksisextremelybroadandincludesthe
following:photographs;prints,posters,andartreproductions;maps;globes;
charts;diagrams;artworkappliedtoclothing;bumperstickers;cartoonsand
comicstrips;dolls;toys;jewelrydesigns;mosaics;patternsforsewing;record
jacketartwork;tapestries;quilts;fabric,floor,andwall-coveringdesigns;games;
puzzles;greetingcards,postcards,andstationery;stencils;sculptures(including
carvings,figurines,andmolds);models;andtechnicaldrawings,including
architecturalplansandblueprints.Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 13

14. Motion Pictures and Other Audiovisual Works
•Amotionpictureisanaudiovisualworkconsistingofaseriesofrelatedimages
that,whenshowninsuccession,impartanimpressionofmotion,togetherwith
accompanyingsounds.
•Theseworksaretypicallyembodiedinfilm,videotape,orvideodisc.
•Anaudiovisualworkisaworkthatconsistsofaseriesofrelatedimagesthatare
intendedtobeshownbytheuseofmachinesordevicessuchasprojectors,
viewers,orelectronicequipment,togetherwithaccompanyingsounds.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 14

15. Sound Recordings
•Asoundrecordingisaworkthatresultsfromthefixationofaseriesofmusical,
spoken,orothersounds,regardlessofthenatureofthematerialobjects,suchas
discs,tapes,orotherphonorecordsinwhichtheyareembodied.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 15

16. Architectural Works
•Anarchitecturalworkisthedesignofabuildingasembodiedinanytangible
mediumofexpression,includingabuilding,architecturalplans,ordrawings.
•Theworkincludestheoverallformandarrangementandcompositionofspaces,
butnotindividualstandardfeaturessuchaswindows,doors,andotherstandard
componentsofbuildings,whichcannotberegistered.
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 16

17. Thank You
Copy Right Law : Dr. B.Rajalingam23 May 2020 17