sugar classification and reaction

Introduction
Classification of carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
The Common Monosaccharide Have Cyclic Structure
Organism Contain a Variety of Hexose Derivatives
Monosaccharide Are Reducing Agents
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Type of polysaccharide
Some Homopolysaccharides Are Stored Forms of Fuel
Some Homopolysaccharides Serve Structural Roles
Homopolysaccharied Folding
Reaction of Sugar
Conclusion
Reference

1. “Sugar-Classification and Reaction”
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. SYNOPSIS
Introduction
Classification of carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
The Common Monosaccharide Have Cyclic Structure
 Organism Contain a Variety of Hexose Derivatives
 Monosaccharide Are Reducing Agents

3. Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Type of polysaccharide
 Some Homopolysaccharides Are Stored Forms of Fuel
 Some Homopolysaccharides Serve Structural Roles
 Homopolysaccharied Folding
Reaction of Sugar
Conclusion
Reference

4. INTRODUCTION
Carbohydratearemostabundantbiomoleculeson
earth.
CarbohydratesarePolyhydroxyaldehydesor
ketones,orsubstancethatyieldsuchcompoundon
hydrolysis.
Many,butnotall,carbohydrateshavethe
empiricalformula(CH
2O)ń,somealsocontain
nitrogen,phosphorous,orsulfur.
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5. Classification
•TherearethreemajorsizecasesofCarbohydrate:
 Monosaccharide
 Oligosaccharide
 Polysaccharide
•“Saccharide”isderivedfromtheGreekSakcharon
meaning“sugar”.
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6. Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide’s,orsimplesugar,consistofa
singlepolyhydroxyaldehydeorketoneunit.
Monosaccharideofmorethanfourcarbonstendto
havecyclicstructure.
Manyofthecarbonatomstowhichhydroxyl
groupsareattachedarechiralcenters,whichgive
risetothemanysugarstereoisomersfoundin
nature.
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7. Monosaccharidehascolorless,crystallinesolidsthat
arefreelysolubleinwaterbutinsolubleinnonpolar
solvents.
Mosthaveasweettaste.
Ifthecarbonylgroupisatanendofthecarbon
chain(thatis,inanaldehydegroup)the
monosaccharidiesanaldose;ifthecarbonylgroupis
atanyotherposition(inaketonegroup)the
monosaccharideisaketose.
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8. Ketoes and alodoses form of monosaccharide
(de.ryerson.ca)

9. The Common Monosaccharide Have Cyclic Structure
Thesesix-memberringcompoundsarecalledpyranosesbecausetheyresemble
thesix-memberedringcompoundpyran.
Aldosesalsoexistincyclicformshavingfivememberrings,which,because
theyresemblethefivememberringcompoundfuran,arecalledfuranoses

10. Haworth Perspective Formula
Haworthin1929,devisedamethodwhichshowedthestructureof
themonosaccharideasahexagonandapentagon.
Inthisformulation-
 Planeoftheringisperpendiculartotheplaneofthe
paper,andthereisalsoaheavyline.
 PyranoseoftheringadoptsChairandboatconformation.

11. Monosaccharide Are Reducing Agents-
Monosaccharide’scanbeoxidizedbyrelativelymildoxidizingagentssuch
ascupric(Cu*)ion.
Thecarbonylcarbonisoxidizedtoacarboxylgroup.
Glucoseandothersugarscapableofreducingcupricionarecalled
reducingsugars.
ThisisthebasisofFehling'sreaction,aqualitativetestforthepresenceof
reducingsugar.
Formanyyearsthistestwasusedtodetectandmeasureelevatedglucose
levelsinbloodandurineinthediagnosisofdiabetesmellitus.

12. F
fehlingReaction

13. Disaccharide
DisaccharidesConsistoftwomonosaccharide
joinedcovalentlybyanO-glycosidicbond,whichis
formedwhenahydroxylgroupofonesugarreacts
withtheanomericcarbonoftheother.
Indescribingdisaccharideorpolysaccharidethe
endofachainwithafreeanomericcarbon(one
notinvolvedinaglycosidicbond)iscommonly
calledthereducingend.
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14. Itisformedbyplantsbutnotbyanimals.
Sucroseisanonreducingsugar
Sucrose(tablesugar)isadisaccharideofglucoseand
fructose.

15. Disaccharide

16. Polysaccharide
Mostcarbohydratesfoundinnatureoccuras
polysaccharides,polymersofmediumtohigh
molecularweight.
Polysaccharidesalsocalledglycans,differfrom
eachotherintheidentityoftheirrecurring
monosaccharideunits,inthelengthoftheir
chains,inthetypesofbondsLinkingtheunits,
andinthedegreeofbranching.
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17. Type of polysaccharide-
Onthebasisofmonosaccharidechain2typeof
polysaccharidechainisformed-
 Homopolysccharide
Hetropolysaccharide

18. Some Homopolysaccharides Are Stored Forms of Fuel-
Starch
Starchcontainstwotypesofglucosepolymer,amylaseandamylopectin.
Theformerconsistoflong,unbranchedchainsofn-glucoseresidues
connectedby(α1↔4)linkages.
Suchchainsvaryinmolecularweightfromafewthousandtomorethana
million.

19. Glycogen
Glycogenisthemainstoragepolysaccharideofanimalcells.Like
amylopectin,glycogenisapolymerof(α1→4)-linkedsubunitsofglucose
with(α1→6)Linkedbranches,butglycogenismoreextensivelybranched
andmorecompactthanstarch.
Glycogenisespeciallyabundantintheliver,whereitmayconstituteas
muchas7٪ofthewetweight;itisalsopresentinskeletalmuscle.
Glycogen in
liver cell
(histol.narod
.ru)

20. Some Homopolysaccharides Serve Structural Roles-
Cellulose
Cellulosea,fibrous,tough,water-insolublesubstanceisfoundinthecellwalls
ofplants.
Celluloseconstitutesmuchofthemassofwood,andcottonisalmostpure
cellulose
Trichonympha,thatsecretescellulase,whichhydrolyzesthe(β1→4)linkages
Wood-rotfungiandbacteriaalsoproducecellulase

21. Chitin
ChitinisalinearhomopolysaccharidecomposedofN-
acetylglucosamineresiduesinβLinkage.
Chitinistheprincipalcomponentofthehardexoskeletonsofnearly
amillionspeciesofarthropods-insects,Lobsters,andcrabs.

22. Homopolysaccharied Folding
Themoststablethree-dimensionalstructureforthe(α1→4)-linked
chainsofstarchandglycogenisatightlycoiledhelix,stabilizedby
interchainhydrogenbond.
Forcellulosethemoststableconformationisthatinwhicheach
chairistuned180'relativetoitsneighbors,yieldingastraight,
extendedchain.AII-OHgroupsareavailableforhydrogenbonding
withneighboringchains.

23. Bacterial and Algal Cellwall contain Structural Hteropolysaccharides-
TherepeatingdisaccharideinpeptidoglycanisGlc(β1→4);inagrose,itis
D-Gal(β1→4)3,6-anhydro-L-Gal.
BacterialandalgalcellwallarestrengthenedbyHetropolysaccharide–
peptidoglycaninBactria,Agarinredalgae.
Cell wall of
Staplylococcusaureus
(aculty.ccbcmd.edu

24. REACTION IN SUGAR GROUPS
Osazone Reaction-

25. Conclusion

26. Reference

BiomoleculebyNelson&Cox(5
th
ed)
Biochemistrybylubert(5
th
ed.)
Internet
www.wikipedia.com
www.chemistry.msu.edu
www.medicalnewstoday.com
