Sugarcane Grassy shoot and Ratoon stunting diseases

PRESENTATION

1. GRASSY SHOOT AND RATOON STUNTING DISEASES OF SUGARCANE COURSE TEACHER: Dr. PARTHASARATHY S Asst. Professor (Plant Pathology) STUDENT: Mr. VASANTHAKUMAR M ID. NO. 2016021050 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY (Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore3 ) Kullapuram (Po),ViaVaigai Dam, Theni-625 562

2. Common name: Sugarcane Scientific name: Saccharum officinarum Family: Poaceae

3. Common name: Sugarcane Scientific name: Saccharum officinarum Family: Poaceae

4. chinimandi.com

5. GRASSY SHOOT DISEASE OF SUGARCANE

6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DISEASE Grassy Shoot disease is one of the most important diseases caused by Ca. Phytoplasma . It is observed in many states of India. This disease causes severe damage to the ratoon crop .

7. ECONOMIC LOSS Its reduced germination of setts from diseased canes. Stunted growth and poor juice quality. Infections upto 10% do not cause significant reduction in yield and number of milleable canes. The threshold level for yield reduction is 15% infection.

8. DISTRIBUTION It was first noticed in india in 1919 in Maharashtra. Subsequently found it was in Andra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Rajasthan also. Outside india, its reported from Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Sudan.

9. SYMPTOMS Profuse tillering and grassy apperanance of the stools. Shoots growing from diseased setts remain stunted. The leaves are narrow and small, like grass leaves. The canes are thin with short internodes, giving a bunchy or grassy appearance to the clump.

10. SYMPTOMS The leaves of infected plants do not produce chlorophyll, and therefore appear white or creamy yellow. The leaves appear yellowish and in some cases may be entirely devoid of any pigment (white leaf). This symptoms can be seen prominently in the stubble crop. The lateral buds sprout before the normal time on growing cane.

11. SYMPTOMS OF GRASSY SHOOT DISEASE Grassy Shoot Disease in sugarcane ... agropedia.iitk.ac.in

12. SYMPTOMS OF GRASSY SHOOT DISEASE Sugarcane grassy shoot disease - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org

13. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Tenericutes Class : Mollicutes Order : Acholeplasmatales Family : Acholeplasmataceae Genus : Ca. Phytoplasma Species : oryzae

14. CAUSAL ORGANISM Its caused by Phytoplasma . One of the destructive pathogens of sugarcane. Phytoplasmas are spreading at an alarming rate, adversely affecting yield of sugarcane crop.

15. PATHOGEN CHARACTER Phytoplasmas, formely called M ycoplasma like organisms (MLOs). Its large group of obligate, intracellular, cell wallless parasites. Its found in the sieve cells of infected plant. Two types of bodies are noticed, spherical bodies of 300-400 nm diameter and filamentous bodies of 30-53 mm diameter.

16. TRANSMISSION The grassy shoot disease is primarily transmitted through the diseased seed material and perpetuated through ratooning . This disease is also transmitted by a) Mechanically by Cutting knife, b) Insects -Leaf hopper- Saccharosydne saccharivora -Aphids - Melanaphis sacchari c) Dodder.

17. TRANSMISSION Aphids - Melanaphis sacchari Optimum acquisition feed period is 15 mins . Single infected aphid can transmit the pathogen, optimum number is 15. Transmission is non persistent manner. The pathogen has been transmitted from sugarcane to sorghum and from sorghum to sugarcane by using aphids. Sorghum is also natural host of the GSD phytoplasma .

18. Saccharosydne saccharivora https://www.discoverlife.org

19. Melanaphis sacchari Bugwoodcloud.org

20. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Phytosanitary control measures are important. Grow resistant varieties viz., Co 86249, CoG 93076, Coc 22. Use of healthy diseased free planting material collected from seed nursery for planting.

21. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Heat therapy: seed/planting material should be treated with hot water (50 o C for 120 Min.) or moist hot air (54 o C for 2½ hrs.) that eliminates the Pathogen from diseased seed materials. Ratooning of affected crop must be avoided. Crop rotation may be employed to reduce inoculum in the field.

22. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Roguing of affected stools and destruction – Mass eradication may help consistent reduction in inoculum in the area. Control of insect pests. Set treatment with 500-ppm solution of ledermycin (an antibiotic) before planting.

23. RATOON STUNTING DISEASE OF SUGARCANE

24. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DISEASE This is one of the major causes of degeneration, deterioration, or “running down” of several commercial varieties of sugarcane. It occurs not only in India but also atleast in 40 other countries that grow sugarcane and is considered most important disease. Because of its cryptic and chronic nature it is cited as an example of typical endemic disease.

25. ECONOMIC LOSS Its caused by poor germination, extra cultivation cost in removal of weeds, low yield of canes, and loss of ratooning capacity of the cane. Extent of loss depends on the cultivar and its growing conditions. The loss is increased many fold when RSD occurs along with the mosaic disease of the same crop. Yield losses from 5-60% depending on the susceptibility of the variety and the weather conditions .

26. DISTRIBUTION RSD is found in all districts in eastern Australia, but it has not been found in Western Australia. The incidence of the disease is associated with the degree to which control measures are followed. Generally, RSD is present in fewer than 5% of fields in Australia, although in some districts RSD incidence is much higher.

27. SYMPTOMS RSD produces no easily visible symptoms other than stunting. Diseased fields often have an ‘up-and-down’ appearance due to differing levels of stunting in adjacent stools. The only other visible symptoms are red-orange dots or ‘commas’ in the vascular traces in the nodal tissue (which can be seen when stalks are sliced open with a sharp knife), and a faint pink discoloration of the growing point of young plants .

28. SYMPTOMS OF RATOON STUNTING DISEASE Ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane ... agropedia.iitk.ac.in

29. SYMPTOMS OF RATOON STUNTING DISEASE Ratoon stunting disease in sugarcane ... agropedia.iitk.ac.in

30. CULTURE OF Leifsonia xyli http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/images/sugarcane_diseases/5.3.jpg

31. MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF Leifsonia xyli http:// agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/images/sugarcane_diseases/5.4.jpg

32. CAUSAL ORGANISM Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Actinobacteria Order : Actinomycetales Family : Microbacteriaceae Genus : Leifsonia Species : L . xyli Subspecies: L . x.subsp. xyli

33. CAUSAL ORGANISM The disease is caused by the bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Davis et al .). It infects the xylem (water transport) vessels of the sugarcane plant. The bacterium is rod shaped, typically with a slight bend and measures 0.25-0.5 μm by 1-4 μm .

34. PATHOGEN CHARACTER The organism that causes RSD is,  Leifsonia xyli  subsp .  xyli ,  a small aerobic bacterium. The genus of the pathogen was previously called  Clavibacter .

35. HOST PLANTS Panicum Maximum Echinocola Sorghum Halepense Maize Elephant Grass

36. SPREAD The two primary methods of spread of the disease are by planting infected cuttings and by use of contaminated cutting implements. The bacterium is highly contagious and can be spread for many metres down a row after a planter or harvester cuts a diseased stalk or plant. The recirculating fungicide spray system on planting machines can carry the bacteria and spread the disease.

37. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Cultural method Mechanical method Chemical method

38. CULTURAL METHOD Select healthy setts for planting. Field should maintain at proper sanitation. Ungerminated setts should be removed and fill the gap with new setts which should be treated before planting.

39. MECHANICAL METHOD Treat the setts with hot water at 50°C for about 2 hours this gives 100 per cent control. A temperature higher than this would kill the cane and lower temperature than the specified enables the pathogen to survive. Aerated steam therapy eliminates the pathogen from the infected canes. Use of disinfectants to clean seed cutting tools which would reduce the chance of spread of pathogen from the infected to healthy setts .

40. CHEMICAL METHOD Chemical disinfectants that may be used on cane cutting knives includes, Lysol, Dettol , ethanol, Mirrol and Roccal . Atleast 5 minutes of contact with the cutting surface is needed to assure disinfection.

41. REFERENCES Singh. R.S, Plant Diseases, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi 110 049. pp 85-88, 106-109. Mehrotra . R.S, Plant Pathology, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, Chennai. pp 662-664, 723-724.

42. THANK YOU