Sugarcane ( Scientific cultivation of sugarcane crop)

All agronomic practice disease insect pest and all terms are including this PPT

1. SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION OF SUGARCANE Presented by :- Anand Choudhary

2. Sugarcane Botnical name – Saccharum officinarum Family – Gramineae Origin – Guinea

3. INTRODUCTION The word saccharum derived from Sanskrit word sarkara which mean sugar in India. Sugarcane is the main source of sugar in India and holds prominent position as a cash crop India has the largest area under sugarcane in the world and also ranks first in sugar production Sugar juice is used for making while sugar brown sugar ( khandsari ) and jaggery ( gur ) Sugarcane is one of the main crop of earning foreign exchange

4. AREA AND DISTRIBUTION Area – India >Brazil>Cuba Production – Brazil> India> China Productivity – Peru( 115 t/ha)> Australia Area & production in india – Area – U.P.> M.H.>T.N. Production – U.P.> M.H.>K.N. Productivity – Tamil N adu (99.3 t/ hac .)

5. CLASSIFICATION classified in three species : Saccharum officinarum ( 2n=80 ) - These are thick and juicy canes good for chewing purpose also. High sugar content. Higher yield. Resistance to smut diseases. Susceptible to red rot and mosaic diseases.

6. Saccharum sinensis - ( 2n=82-124 ) It is known by Pansahi nargore and mungo groups in North-eastern India. Saccharum barberi - ( 2n=118 ) Stalk is thin and mature earlier it contain medium sugar It has poor yield . It is susceptible to smut diseases but resistance to red rot and mosaic diseases . Saccharum barberi (2n=118)

7. Botanical description Root – the root system is fibrous and consists of the two types of roots namely sett roots and shoot roots . Sett root – they emerge within 24 hours of planting. They are fine and highly branched roots which sustain the growing plant in the first weeks after germination . Shoot root –shoot roots are second type of root which emerge from the base of the new shoots 5-7 days after planting .

8. Stalk It is above ground portion of the plant which bears leaves and flower. A small portion of the stalk is below ground which is called as rootstock. At each node there is a bud sometimes known as eye appearing on opposite sides of the cane. The stalk consist of segments called joints Each joint is make up of a node and an internode .

9. Leaves Divided into two parts – sheath and blade The sheath is attached to the stalk by a basal ring and completely clasps the stalk. The leaf blade is long, flat, structure varying from one to one and a half meters in length and 5-7 cm wide.

10. Inflorescence The inflorescence of a sugarcane generally called the “ Arrow” It is an open panicle flower have both male and female organs but not all produce fertile pollen Sugarcane usually flower at age of 10-12 month but some varieties in north India do not flower at all cane produced from seed is not so vigorous but this important for breeders

11. Climatic requirement Sugarcane is a tropical plant temprature above 50°c arrest its growth those below 20°c slow it down Low temperature reduces tillering Optimum temperature for it growth 26-32°c The crop does best in the tropical regions receivning a rainfall of 75-120cm per annum Sugarcane is a tropical plant temperature above 50°c arrest its growth those below 20°c slow it down. Low temperature reduces tillering. Optimum temperature for it growth 26-32 °c. The crop does best in the tropical regions receiving a rainfall of 75-120 cm per annum. Climatic requirements

12. Soil Sugarcane can be grown on all types of soils ranging form sandy-loam to clay-loam. Saline alkaline and acidic soils are not at all suitable for this crop in northern India.

13. Variety Co-0238(Karan-4) :- is a high yielding and high sugar content variety. This variety was evolved at the sugarcane breeding institute, region central karnal . Co-05011(Karan-9) :- It was released in 2012. Yield – 82.47 tonne / hac . Sucrose % - 18.00 Suitable for North-East zone. CoJ-64 :- Moderately resistance to red-rot, smut and grassy-shoot disease. Good ratooning ability. CoJ-8436 :- Early maturing and resistance to wilt. It has a good tillering. UP-5929 :- Suitable for growing under water-logging condition of U.P. Moderately resistance to red-rot, smut and wilt disease.

14. Cropping system Intercropping in autumn sugarcane 1. Autumn sugarcane + potato :- intercropping of sugarcane and potato has been very remunerative. For raising sugarcane and potato together it is necessary to plant cane at 90cm distance. A dose of 75kg nitrogen / hac . is applied to sugarcane crop after harvesting the potato. 2. Sugarcane + wheat 3. Sugarcane + toria

15. Inter-cropping in spring sugarcane: 1) Sugarcane + mung (green-gram): In this system sugarcane is planted in row 90cm a part in the month of feb . A dose of 75kg nitrogen/ hac . applied at planting. 2) Sugarcane + urd

16. Field preparation :- Sugarcane needs deep tillage. Shallow ploughing with local plough limits the development of root system in lodging of cane plants. Deep ploughing specially in heavy soils helps in the root system penetrating deep into the soils .

17. Seed & Sowing : 1) The top 1/3 to half portion of a Cane being comparatively immature has buds of high viability and is best for sowing. 2) Three budded 35000 – 40000 sett/ hac . ( 75-809 qt.). 3) Selt should be treated with 0.5 % solution of Agellol or Areton.

18. Time of planting :- Autumn planting : Planting in Oct. in North India. 2) Adsali planting : Planting in June-July and takes 15-18 months for harvesting. It is commonly grown in Maharashtra (South India). 3) Eksali or spring planting : Planted in Jan - Feb and takes about one year time for harvesting. It is commonly growing in North India.

19. Method of planting : Flat planting :- It followed in North India. In this method shallow (8-10cm deep) furrows are open with a local plough or cultivator at a distance of 75-90 cm. There should be adequate moisture in the field at time of planting. The setts are planted in them end to end. Furrow are covered with 5-7 cm soil.

20. Furrow planting In this method furrow`s are made with a sugarcane ridger about 10-15 cm in Noth India and about 20 cm in South India. The furrow are covered with 5-6 cm soil leavening upper portion of furrow unfiled. Immediately after covering the setts water is late into furrow`s. This method is practiced in part of East U.P. and particularly in heavy soil.

21. Trench method : The trenches at a distance if 75-90 cm are dug with the help of ridger or by manual labour . Trenches should be about 20-25 cm deep. The tractor – drawn sugarcane planter is a very suitable device for planting cane in trenches. Fertilizers (N:P:K) are spread uniformly in the trenches and mixed thoroughly in the soil. In the some coastal area as well as in the other area were the crop grow very tall and the strong wind during rainy season cause lodging of cane, trench method is adopted to save the crop from lodging.

22. Manure and Fertilizer Heavy feeder crop but higher dose of nitrogen during ripening stage decrease sucrose content in maturing cane. Blanket application of nitrogen (120-150kg), phosphorus (80kg), potash (60kg) . The best source of nitrogen in normal soil is ammonium sulphate in saline soil is urea and in acidic soil is use CAN. The excess nitrogen affected the quality of juice and delays maturity.

23. Weed control :- In sugarcane weed have been estimated to cause 12-72 % reduction in the cane yield depending upon the severity of infestation. The sugarcane growth is very slow in the initial stage. It take about 30-45 days to complete germination and another 60-75 days for developing full canopy cover. Weeds – Cyperus rotundus , Cynodon dactylon , Sorghum halapense , Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis , Amaranthus viridis .

24. Chemical weed control : Backbone of sugarcane weed control – Atrazine or Simazine @ 2-2.5kg a.i . / hac as pre-emergence spray about 4-5 days after planting. Use both pre and post – 2,4-D is very effective against broad leaf weed which generally grow in autumn cane. 2,4-D @ 1kg a.i . / hac in 500-600 lit. water. Blind hoeing – An important practice in sugarcane, hoeing after planting and before crop emergences for the purpose of weed control.

25. Water Management For high yield, the seasonal crop water requirement for sugarcane crop were estimated at between 1100-1500 mm/ hac . Furrow method of irrigation is most common method of irrigation in sugarcane. Under high temp., sucrose gets converted into glucose and quality of the produce become poor.

26. Phase – Duration : 1).Germination - 0-60 DAP 2).Formative - 60-130DAP (max. requirements of water in this stage ) 3).Grand growth - 130-250 DAP 4).Maturity - 250-365 DAP

27. Earthing up: The first earthing up operation is known partial earthing up and the second / third operation is known as Full earthing up. The partial earthing up is done at 45 days after planting . In partial earthing up little amount of soil from either side of the furrow is taken and placed around the base of the shoot. Full earthing up is done after 120 days after planting coinciding with the peak tiller population stage. Earthing up operation is also known as a hilling up. This operation is carried out in 2 or 3 stage.

28. Ratooning Ratooning is a practice of growing a crop from the stubbles of previous crop. The main benefit of ratooning is that the crop matures earlier in the season. Ratooning can also decrease the cost of the preparation the field and planting.

29. Propping : The operations of tying the leaves together using the bottom dry and green leaves is known as propping. It is primarily done to check lodging of cane.

30. Red Rot : Red rot appears in the July and continuous to develop till harvesting of the crop. In the initial stage loss of the colour and withering of leaves. The disease tissue of stalk emit alcoholic smell as the result of the inversion causes by the pathogen. It is most destructive disease of sugarcane. It is cause by a fungus Collectotrichum falcatum . Control :- Use the healthy cane setts. Deep the setts in 0.25 % solution of mercurial compound like Agallol for 5 mint. Rogue out and burn the disease canes.

31. Whip Smut : It is causes by Ustilago scitaminea . The smut affected cane in generally content 10% less juice then healthy cane. The disease appears in the form of a long black whip like structure at the apex of the stalk. Control :- Use only smut free canes for planting. No ratoon should be keep were the the incidence of disease is high. Grow smut resistance variety.

32. These tiller bear pale yellow and narrow leaves resembling grasses. The internode of these tillers are much reduce Control :- The hot air treatment of the seed can at 54°c for 8 hours. Inactivate the casual virus of the disease.

33. Control Rogue out the affected tops of the cane and burn them. Select well drained filled for cane planting.

34. Pathogen :- It is causes by a Ratoon stunting virus. The affected crop remains stunted with short and thin cane. The leaves are comparatively pale and the root are poorly develop. Control :- The moist hot air treatment of cane seed at 54°c and 99% R.H. 2-3 hours is effective in destroying the casual virus.

35. Insect pest in sugarcane

36. Early shoot borer It attacks the young shoots of 4-10 weeks and produce dead heart symptoms. On pulling then dead heart come out easily, The shoot borer caterpillar is migratory in habit and after killing one shoot borer it migrate to another. A single caterpillar may destroy 3-4 shoot before it pupates . Shoot borer infestation is high during pre monsoon period ( april-june ).

37. Root borer Larvae damage by fiddling the central tissues due to which a characteristic dead heart is produced. This pest is most active in dry condition particularly in month of may June Control- irrigated the field in the month of may June. this will developed micro climate of high humidity which is determinate to the pest spray 1.5 lit.of monocrotophos 36EC in 600lt. Of water when egg or moth are visible in the field

38. Pyrilla : Both nymph & adult suck the sap from underside of the leaf. The feeding spots become yellowish – white in colour. Pyrilla also secrets honey dew which attracts black fungus. The fungus cover the entire leaf which directly affected the photosynthesis. The pest appears in A pril – may a gain in Aug-sep. Control :- Collected egg masses which are laid on lower surface of the leaves and destroy them. Spray Malathion 50 EC @ 1.25 lit./ hac . In 1000 lit. of water.

39. Lygaeid or black bug :- The bug is about 10mm in length. The black adult and pink young nymph suck the sap from the leaf sheath. Control :- It ratoon is to be taken to be burn, the trash after harvest. Spray 1.5 lit. Monocrotophos 36 EC in 1000 lit./ hac .

40. Maturity signs of sugarcane : Generally yellowish colour of whole crop. Breaking of cane at node region. Metallic sound of cane when taped with finger nail. Sweetness of juice . Brix saccharo -meter of hand refracto -meter reading is the sure sign of maturity and it should be between 2 brix . For the matura1-24tion of cane fehling test solution reading should be less than 0.5 % glucose.

41. Juice brix :- It is refers to the to total solid content present in juice express in percentage(%). Brix cane be measured in the field itself in the standing cane crop using a hand Refracto-meter.

42. Harvesting

43. Harvesting :- To harvest the cane at peak maturity. Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom sugar rich internode are harvested which add to yield and sugar. De-topping at appropriate height so that the top immature internode are eliminated. Proper cleaning of the cane.

44. Yield : A good crop under good management may yield about 800-1000 qt./ hac . The 18 month ( adsali ) crop in South India specially in Maharashtra and Tamilnadu , usally give a 1000-1200 qt. of cane / hac .