Sulabh
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Oct 17, 2012
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About This Presentation
presented at Workshop on Knowledge transfer and capacity building for
water and sanitation services in Asia and the Pacific, 17‐19 February 2009
Bangkok, Thailand
By Ms. ANITA JHA
Sr. Vice President
Sulabh International Social Service Organisation
New Delhi, India
Slide Content
Workshop Workshop
onon
Knowledge transfer and capacity building for Knowledge transfer and capacity building for
water and sanitation services in Asia and the Pacific water and sanitation services in Asia and the Pacific
By:By:
Ms. ANITA JHA Ms. ANITA JHA
Sr. Vice President Sr. Vice President
Sulabh International Social Service Organisation Sulabh International Social Service Organisation
New Delhi, India New Delhi, India
1717‐‐19 February 2009 19 February 2009
Bangkok, Thailand Bangkok, Thailand
onon
Knowledge transfer and capacity building for Knowledge transfer and capacity building for
water and sanitation services in Asia and the Pacific water and sanitation services in Asia and the Pacific
By:By:
Ms. ANITA JHA Ms. ANITA JHA
Sr. Vice President Sr. Vice President
Sulabh International Social Service Organisation Sulabh International Social Service Organisation
New Delhi, India New Delhi, India
1717‐‐19 February 2009 19 February 2009
Bangkok, Thailand Bangkok, Thailand
Introduction Introduction
In older civilisations like Roman,
Greek, Indus, there were provisions
of toilets in individual households
and public places. After the lapse of
older civilisations and the advent of
new ones, the system of defecation
in the open started all over the
world.
2
In older civilisations like Roman,
Greek, Indus, there were provisions
of toilets in individual households
and public places. After the lapse of
older civilisations and the advent of
new ones, the system of defecation
in the open started all over the
world.
2
In India, another system started i.e.,
cleaning human excreta manually by
people called scavengers. These two
systems continued during Buddhist,
Maurayan, Mughal and British periods.
3
contd..
cleaning human excreta manually by
people called scavengers. These two
systems continued during Buddhist,
Maurayan, Mughal and British periods.
3
contd..
Disposal of Human Waste Disposal of Human Waste
•In the developed countries, the
standard practice for the sanitary
disposal of human waste is
sewerage. It was first introduced in
London – 1850, followed by New
York‐1860 and Kolkata in 1870.
4
•In the developed countries, the
standard practice for the sanitary
disposal of human waste is
sewerage. It was first introduced in
London – 1850, followed by New
York‐1860 and Kolkata in 1870.
4
contd..
•Out of over 5,161
*
towns/cities in
India only 232 have the sewerage
system and that too partially.
* 2001 Census
5
•Out of over 5,161
*
towns/cities in
India only 232 have the sewerage
system and that too partially.
* 2001 Census
5
The Unfathomable Plight of Scavengers!! The Unfathomable Plight of Scavengers!!
6
6
Scavenging & Social Reform Scavenging & Social Reform
•Scavengers are the most
oppressed and suppressed class of
Indian society –hated, ostracized,
vilified and avoided by all other
castes and classes.
7
•Scavengers are the most
oppressed and suppressed class of
Indian society –hated, ostracized,
vilified and avoided by all other
castes and classes.
7
8
•The appalling hardship, humiliation and
exploitation they face, have no parallel in
human history.
•The practice started in Pauranic period
continued in Buddhist, Mauryan, Mughal
and British periods.
contd…
•The appalling hardship, humiliation and
exploitation they face, have no parallel in
human history.
•The practice started in Pauranic period
continued in Buddhist, Mauryan, Mughal
and British periods.
contd…
Sanitation Status Sanitation Status ––India India
Census
Total
Coverage (%)
Urban (%)
Rural (%)
1971
15.70
50.00
Insignificant
1981
18.70
58.15
Insignificant
1991
23.70
63.85
9.48
2001
36.40
73.70
21.90
9
Census
Total
Coverage (%)
Urban (%)
Rural (%)
1971
15.70
50.00
Insignificant
1981
18.70
58.15
Insignificant
1991
23.70
63.85
9.48
2001
36.40
73.70
21.90
9
Year
Urban (%)
Rural (%)
2008
63*
57**
contd contd……
**
Source: CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.
****
Source: Department of Drinking Water Supply, Government of India
(Accessed 16
th
Oct’08)
10
Urban (%)
Rural (%)
2008
63*
57**
contd contd……
**
Source: CPHEEO, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.
****
Source: Department of Drinking Water Supply, Government of India
(Accessed 16
th
Oct’08)
10
Sanitation for Dignity to Women Sanitation for Dignity to Women
•In those time people used to defecate
in the open
•Women were the worst sufferers
because of lack of toilets.
•Women had to face great hardships:
They had to go out for open defecation
in the dark –before sunrise or after
sunset.
11
•In those time people used to defecate
in the open
•Women were the worst sufferers
because of lack of toilets.
•Women had to face great hardships:
They had to go out for open defecation
in the dark –before sunrise or after
sunset.
11
12
•Their dignity was put to risk when
subjected to
criminal
assaults by
anti‐social elements.
•Girl children drop‐out from school
because of no toilets.
contd....
•Their dignity was put to risk when
subjected to
criminal
assaults by
anti‐social elements.
•Girl children drop‐out from school
because of no toilets.
contd....
contd...
•High Rate of Child Mortality:
‐Half a million children die every year
•There are .50 million (5 lac) scavengers in
the country –70% to 80% are women
13
•High Rate of Child Mortality:
‐Half a million children die every year
•There are .50 million (5 lac) scavengers in
the country –70% to 80% are women
13
14
•In both ways women are the worst
sufferers
•After construction of Sulabh toilets,
women have dignity with access to
hygienic toilets
contd...
•In both ways women are the worst
sufferers
•After construction of Sulabh toilets,
women have dignity with access to
hygienic toilets
contd...
To end this practice, technology was
necessary so Sulabh developed two
technologies:
1. For Individual household: to
replace the bucket toilets and
construct Sulabh two‐pit, pour‐
flush, compost toilets.
15
contd contd……
necessary so Sulabh developed two
technologies:
1. For Individual household: to
replace the bucket toilets and
construct Sulabh two‐pit, pour‐
flush, compost toilets.
15
contd contd……
Sulabh Pour Flush Toilet with Circular Pit Sulabh Pour Flush Toilet with Rectangular Pit
16
contd contd……
16
contd contd……
Sulabh Sanitation Movement Sulabh Sanitation Movement
•Sulabh Movement was started in
Bihar in the year 1970 and at that
time we implemented two projects:
a) Conversion of dry latrines into
Sulabh twin‐pit, pour‐flush, compost
toilets.
b) Construction & maintenance of
public toilet complexes in the 1970s .
17
•Sulabh Movement was started in
Bihar in the year 1970 and at that
time we implemented two projects:
a) Conversion of dry latrines into
Sulabh twin‐pit, pour‐flush, compost
toilets.
b) Construction & maintenance of
public toilet complexes in the 1970s .
17
Technological Solution to a Social Problem Technological Solution to a Social Problem
•To solve the social problem and providing
a sustainable sanitation options, Dr.
Bindeshwar Pathak developed a
technology of Sulabh two‐pit, pour‐flush,
compost toilet –appropriate, affordable,
indigenous, socially and culturally
acceptable.
18
•To solve the social problem and providing
a sustainable sanitation options, Dr.
Bindeshwar Pathak developed a
technology of Sulabh two‐pit, pour‐flush,
compost toilet –appropriate, affordable,
indigenous, socially and culturally
acceptable.
18
Sulabh Two Sulabh Two‐‐pit, pour pit, pour‐‐flush, compost flush, compost
Toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya) Toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya) •This technology has no
vent pipe, gases are
absorbed in soil,
requires 1‐1.5 litres of
water to flush. There
are two pits –one is
used at a time and the
other is kept standby.
19
Toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya) Toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya) •This technology has no
vent pipe, gases are
absorbed in soil,
requires 1‐1.5 litres of
water to flush. There
are two pits –one is
used at a time and the
other is kept standby.
19
20
contd....
contd....
21
contd....
contd....
After two years excreta is
converted into manure. It is a
good fertilizer to raise
productivity of field.
22
contd....
converted into manure. It is a
good fertilizer to raise
productivity of field.
22
contd....
Human excreta manure is rich in Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Potash and provides good
nutrients to plants, fruits, vegetables,
flowers, etc.
23
contd....
Phosphorus and Potash and provides good
nutrients to plants, fruits, vegetables,
flowers, etc.
23
contd....
24
contd....
Human excreta manure : High yielding variety of fruits
contd....
Human excreta manure : High yielding variety of fruits
contd….
•The Sulabh
Shauchalaya can be
constructed in the
minimum possible
space –in a narrow
lane, courtyard of a
house or in the
bedroom.
25
•The Sulabh
Shauchalaya can be
constructed in the
minimum possible
space –in a narrow
lane, courtyard of a
house or in the
bedroom.
25
26
contd...
The Sulabh toilet can be constructed in areas
where the water table is high and even in
upper floors of buildings
contd...
The Sulabh toilet can be constructed in areas
where the water table is high and even in
upper floors of buildings
Sulabh Sulabh pay and use pay and usePublic Toilets Public Toilets
•In 1974, Sulabh introduced
the concept of pay and use
public toilets. Because of
good maintenance, the
concept spread and Sulabh
has built more than 7,000
public toilets at all
important places in the
country & more than a
million of scavengers have
been relieved from their
inhuman occupation.
World’s Largest Sulabh
Toilet Complex at Shirdi in
Maharashtra
27
•In 1974, Sulabh introduced
the concept of pay and use
public toilets. Because of
good maintenance, the
concept spread and Sulabh
has built more than 7,000
public toilets at all
important places in the
country & more than a
million of scavengers have
been relieved from their
inhuman occupation.
World’s Largest Sulabh
Toilet Complex at Shirdi in
Maharashtra
27
•In fact, alongwith the toilet facility,
our toilets are equipped with the
facilities and provision of drinking
water, telephone booths, laundry,
health centres, lockers, cyber café,
First –aid Box, etc. It is in a way,
creation of a Happy Home.
28
contd....
our toilets are equipped with the
facilities and provision of drinking
water, telephone booths, laundry,
health centres, lockers, cyber café,
First –aid Box, etc. It is in a way,
creation of a Happy Home.
28
contd....
•Public toilets are now working as Public
health centres. We have installed
condom vending machines and are
providing condoms to check population
growth and diseases like HIV/AIDS.
29
contd....
health centres. We have installed
condom vending machines and are
providing condoms to check population
growth and diseases like HIV/AIDS.
29
contd....
30
Sulabh Toilets: A Glimpse Sulabh Toilets: A Glimpse
HERITAGE:
Sulabh Toilets: A Glimpse Sulabh Toilets: A Glimpse
HERITAGE:
Sulabh Toilet Complex, TAJ MAHAL, AGRA
31
contd....
31
contd....
Sulabh Toilet Complex, TAJ MAHAL, AGRA
32
contd....
32
contd....
Sulabh Toilet Complexes in Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh Sulabh Toilet Complexes in Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh
33
contd....
33
contd....
Sulabh Toilet Complex, Bhopal, M.P.
34
contd....
34
contd....
Energy from Human Waste Energy from Human Waste
•To ensure full
recycling of human
excreta in public
toilets, Sulabh
developed the
technology of Biogas
production.
35
•To ensure full
recycling of human
excreta in public
toilets, Sulabh
developed the
technology of Biogas
production.
35
•Sulabh by now has installed over 190
biogas plants attached to public
toilets.
36
contd....
Sulabh Toilet Complex, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh
biogas plants attached to public
toilets.
36
contd....
Sulabh Toilet Complex, Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh
Uses of Biogas Uses of Biogas
Biogas used for different purposes –Lightening of
Street Lights
37
Biogas used for different purposes –Lightening of
Street Lights
37
Uses of Biogas Uses of Biogas
Biogas used for cooking purpose
38
contd....
Biogas used for cooking purpose
38
contd....
Uses of Biogas Uses of Biogas
Biogas used for lighting of lamps
39
contd....
Biogas used for lighting of lamps
39
contd....
Uses of Biogas Uses of Biogas
Biogas used for electricity generation
40
contd....
Biogas used for electricity generation
40
contd....
Uses of Biogas Uses of Biogas
Biogas used to warm oneself in winter
41
contd....
Biogas used to warm oneself in winter
41
contd....
•It is based on filtration of effluent through
activated charcoal followed by ultra violet
rays.
•Water discharged from biogas plant contains
valuable nutrients –Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and Potash. It is used for agricultural
purposes. As its BOD is less than 1 mg/l. It
can be discharged in a water‐body like
rivers,
ponds, etc. without causing any pollution.
42
SET (Sulabh Effluent Treatment) SET (Sulabh Effluent Treatment)
Technology: Technology:
activated charcoal followed by ultra violet
rays.
•Water discharged from biogas plant contains
valuable nutrients –Nitrogen, Phosphorus
and Potash. It is used for agricultural
purposes. As its BOD is less than 1 mg/l. It
can be discharged in a water‐body like
rivers,
ponds, etc. without causing any pollution.
42
SET (Sulabh Effluent Treatment) SET (Sulabh Effluent Treatment)
Technology: Technology:
Duckweed Based Waste Water Treatment Duckweed Based Waste Water Treatment
•A fast growing free
floating plant.
•Reduces BOD,COD of
waste water.
•Contains up to 30 %
protein.
44
•A fast growing free
floating plant.
•Reduces BOD,COD of
waste water.
•Contains up to 30 %
protein.
44
Duckweed Based Waste Water Treatment Duckweed Based Waste Water Treatment
•Complete feed for
fish.
•In duckweed treated
water fish is grown.
•8‐10 tons of fish per
ha. of pond/annum can
be harvested
45
contd....
•Complete feed for
fish.
•In duckweed treated
water fish is grown.
•8‐10 tons of fish per
ha. of pond/annum can
be harvested
45
contd....
Sanitation & Health Sanitation & Health
There is a close nexus between good sanitation,
safe drinking water, hygiene & good health.
46
Sulabh Total Healthcare Concept Sulabh Total Healthcare Concept
There is a close nexus between good sanitation,
safe drinking water, hygiene & good health.
46
Sulabh Total Healthcare Concept Sulabh Total Healthcare Concept
Training & Research Training & Research
•Sulabh International in collaboration
with UN‐HABITAT, Nairobi has
trained more than 15 African
countries for the capacity
development as a part of achieving
the MDG, set for the sustainable
development in water, sanitation,
health and hygiene sectors.
47
•Sulabh International in collaboration
with UN‐HABITAT, Nairobi has
trained more than 15 African
countries for the capacity
development as a part of achieving
the MDG, set for the sustainable
development in water, sanitation,
health and hygiene sectors.
47
•Sulabh has recently signed a MoU
with an African country Ethiopia to
provide it’s expertise to improve
sanitation, health and hygiene.
contd..
48
with an African country Ethiopia to
provide it’s expertise to improve
sanitation, health and hygiene.
contd..
48
•We not only developed
technologies but also developed
methodology and services delivery
system so that it could reach the
people at large.
49
contd..
technologies but also developed
methodology and services delivery
system so that it could reach the
people at large.
49
contd..
•We have trained more than 50,000
people to work in the construction
& maintenance of community
toilets.
50
people to work in the construction
& maintenance of community
toilets.
50
•15,000 women were trained in
hygiene, sanitation & safe drinking
water, who are now working in
different slums and resettlement
colonies.
51
contd..
hygiene, sanitation & safe drinking
water, who are now working in
different slums and resettlement
colonies.
51
contd..
NAI DISHA NAI DISHA
An Initiative towards Rehabilitation of Scavengers An Initiative towards Rehabilitation of Scavengers
•Nai Disha Vocational
Training Centre was
set up at Alwar, in
April 2003, to
liberate and
rehabilitate women
hitherto
engaged
in
the profession of
scavenging.
52
An Initiative towards Rehabilitation of Scavengers An Initiative towards Rehabilitation of Scavengers
•Nai Disha Vocational
Training Centre was
set up at Alwar, in
April 2003, to
liberate and
rehabilitate women
hitherto
engaged
in
the profession of
scavenging.
52
53
•The centre provided the scavengers
an option to chart a new path through
a definite career option that ensures
economic freedom as well as a life of
dignity and social respect.
contd…
•The centre provided the scavengers
an option to chart a new path through
a definite career option that ensures
economic freedom as well as a life of
dignity and social respect.
contd…
•A comprehensive 2‐year training is being
provided to 56 woman scavengers in food‐
processing, beauty‐care, tailoring and
embroidery. With a three year rehabilitation
programme.
contd…
54
provided to 56 woman scavengers in food‐
processing, beauty‐care, tailoring and
embroidery. With a three year rehabilitation
programme.
contd…
54
Adult literacy classes are held to teach them
English and Hindi.
contd…
55
English and Hindi.
contd…
55
Economic Sustainability and Social Transformation Economic Sustainability and Social Transformation
The social transformation brought about can be gauged by the
incredible fact that the same society that was averse even to the touch
of a scavenger, today readily purchases products (even eatables)
prepared by the hands of these very scavengers. ’. This symbolises a
fundamental change in the attitude nursed for
centuries by the people.
contd…
56
The social transformation brought about can be gauged by the
incredible fact that the same society that was averse even to the touch
of a scavenger, today readily purchases products (even eatables)
prepared by the hands of these very scavengers. ’. This symbolises a
fundamental change in the attitude nursed for
centuries by the people.
contd…
56
A monthly stipend of Rs. 2000 is paid to ensure that they do not
return to their earlier profession. The stipend is directly put into
their bank accounts which they operate themselves.
contd…
57
return to their earlier profession. The stipend is directly put into
their bank accounts which they operate themselves.
contd…
57
Social Interaction Social Interaction
Getting their stipends through cheque and interacting with
cashier in a bank
58
Getting their stipends through cheque and interacting with
cashier in a bank
58
Erstwhile scavenger woman, rehabilitated at Nai Disha Training Centre, addressing the
National Human Rights Commission Meeting on Eradication of Manual Scavenging,
18 March 2007, New Delhi.
National Human Rights Commission Meeting on Eradication of Manual Scavenging,
18 March 2007, New Delhi.
Quality Education to wards of scavengers Quality Education to wards of scavengers
•Sulabh Public
School:
–Premier English
medium school.
–Recognised by
CBSE.
60
•Sulabh Public
School:
–Premier English
medium school.
–Recognised by
CBSE.
60
61
•Tuition fee is waived
and free uniforms and
books are provided to
children of scavenger
community.
Contd…
•Tuition fee is waived
and free uniforms and
books are provided to
children of scavenger
community.
Contd…
‐There is a 60:40 ratio of
children from scavenger
community to other
sections of society.
‐Students share lunch
with one another.
‐Messages of proper
hygiene behaviour
spread from children to
parents and community.
62
contd…
children from scavenger
community to other
sections of society.
‐Students share lunch
with one another.
‐Messages of proper
hygiene behaviour
spread from children to
parents and community.
62
contd…
Vocational Training Centre in Delhi Vocational Training Centre in Delhi
Sulabh vocational training centre at Delhi started in 1992. 200 students are
trained every year, approximately 30% of them are drawn from scavengers’
community. (Picture: Computer Course)
63
Sulabh vocational training centre at Delhi started in 1992. 200 students are
trained every year, approximately 30% of them are drawn from scavengers’
community. (Picture: Computer Course)
63
Vocational Training Centre in Delhi Vocational Training Centre in Delhi
Beauty Care Course
64
Beauty Care Course
64
Vocational Training Centre in Delhi Vocational Training Centre in Delhi
Tailoring and Fasion Designing Course
65
Tailoring and Fasion Designing Course
65
Vocational Training Centre in Delhi Vocational Training Centre in Delhi
Electrician Course
66
Electrician Course
66
•Sulabh International has established a
unique Museum of Toiletsat Sulabh
Campus in New Delhi where records of
the oldest toilets and the development
of toilets through the ages is captured
through photographs, models,
literature etc. It is a rare collection of
relics, artefacts and other information
relevant to toilets.
Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
67
unique Museum of Toiletsat Sulabh
Campus in New Delhi where records of
the oldest toilets and the development
of toilets through the ages is captured
through photographs, models,
literature etc. It is a rare collection of
relics, artefacts and other information
relevant to toilets.
Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
67
Sanitation has been the index of civilization and
the museum artefacts are displayed
chronologically to show the development
starting from the Indus Valley Civilization of the
third millennium B.C. and progressing on to the
latest developments till the end of the 20th
century. The museum also displays the toilets
and sanitation
practices in ancient Egypt,
Babylonia, Greece, Jerusalem and Rome.
68
contd…
the museum artefacts are displayed
chronologically to show the development
starting from the Indus Valley Civilization of the
third millennium B.C. and progressing on to the
latest developments till the end of the 20th
century. The museum also displays the toilets
and sanitation
practices in ancient Egypt,
Babylonia, Greece, Jerusalem and Rome.
68
contd…
Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
69
69
Sulabh International Museum of Toilets Sulabh International Museum of Toilets
70
70
•The technology has
been recommended
in the UNDP Human
Development
Reports (2003 &
2006) for replication
in other developing
nations.
71
Recognition of Sulabh Technology Recognition of Sulabh Technology
been recommended
in the UNDP Human
Development
Reports (2003 &
2006) for replication
in other developing
nations.
71
Recognition of Sulabh Technology Recognition of Sulabh Technology
•‘Sulabh’s Cost Effective & Appropriate
Sanitation Systems’were recognised
as “Global Urban Best Practice”from
amongst 625 entries from all over the
world by United Nations Centre for
Human Settlements (UNCHS) in 1996
at Istanbul.
72
contd...
Sanitation Systems’were recognised
as “Global Urban Best Practice”from
amongst 625 entries from all over the
world by United Nations Centre for
Human Settlements (UNCHS) in 1996
at Istanbul.
72
contd...
Recognition of Sulabh Technology Recognition of Sulabh Technology
contd contd……
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak receiving the Dubai International Award for Best Practices, 2000.
73
contd contd……
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak receiving the Dubai International Award for Best Practices, 2000.
73
The Dubai Municipality and UNCHS
(HABITAT) awarded Sulabh ‘Dubai
International Award for Best
Practices to Improve the Living
Environment’out of 1125 entries in
the year 2000.
contd….
74
(HABITAT) awarded Sulabh ‘Dubai
International Award for Best
Practices to Improve the Living
Environment’out of 1125 entries in
the year 2000.
contd….
74
In 1991, Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak was conferred Padma Bhushan by the then
President of India, Shri R. Venkataraman, for his ‘distinguished social
service’.
75
President of India, Shri R. Venkataraman, for his ‘distinguished social
service’.
75
His holiness Pope John Paul –II gave audience to Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak
before being awarded International St. Francis Prize for the Environment
(Canticle of all creatures) in 1992
76
before being awarded International St. Francis Prize for the Environment
(Canticle of all creatures) in 1992
76
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