sunflowersunflowersunflowersunflower-1.pptx

sunflower

1. Lec . No. 17 : Sunflower

2. Taxonomy Common name : Surajmukhi Scientific name : Helianthus annus L. Family : Asteraceae Origin : Southern USA ( Peru ) & Mexico

3. It is an important oilseed crop contributes 14% of the total oilseed production from nine major oil seed crops. Sunflower is the 4 th most important oilseed crop after soybean, rapeseed, and groundnut in India as well as the world. The word Helianthus' is derived from Greek word 'Helios' means 'sun,' and ' anthos ' means flower. Literally, 'sunflower' means 'turn with the sun' (a feature showed by sunflower up to anthesis after those capitula faces east). It exhibits character of heliotropism (Plants turn to the sun) Sunflower is the state flower of Kanas, USA . Sunflowers, the national flower of Ukraine 1st sunflower hybrid in India was 'BSH-1' released from Bangalore in 1980, and the parents of this were CMS 234A and RHA 274. In 1972, commercial cultivation of sunflower was started in our country with the introduction of Russian cultivars namely; EC 68413, EC 68414, EC 68415 and Sunrise

4. GLOBAL SCENARIO Sunflower is grown over an area of more than 25 million ha in about 70 countries with a world average yield of 1637 kg/ha Russia, Ukraine, Romania, China, Kazakhstan, Spain, Bulgaria, France, India, Turkey, South Africa, USA and Myanmar are the major sunflower growing countries Russia and Ukraine have the largest share of about 50% in total sunflower production in the world China, Turkey, Bulgaria and France are the highest yielding countries with an average yield of more than 2.0 tonnes /ha as against less than 1.0 tonne per ha by India

5. AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES S. No Country Area ( lakh ha) Production ( lakh tonnes) Yield (kg/ha) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 1 Russian Fed 61.59 67.96 64.43 79.93 105.54 90.34 1298 1553 1402 2 Ukraine 50.82 50.90 52.12 83.87 110.51 101.34 1651 2171 1944 3 Romania 10.65 10.72 9.98 13.98 21.42 21.89 1313 1998 2194 4 China 8.88 9.23 9.30 23.23 24.23 23.80 2614 2624 2559 5 Bulgaria 7.81 8.79 8.44 13.88 19.74 20.11 1777 2247 2384 6 Spain 7.61 8.49 7.83 6.19 10.29 9.81 813 1212 1253 7 Kazakhstan 6.82 8.18 7.65 4.00 5.73 5.13 587 700 670 9 India 8.20 6.80 7.30 5.44 5.04 4.15 663 741 569 10 Turkey 6.05 6.10 6.58 13.70 15.23 16.38 2265 2498 2491 11 France 6.80 7.71 6.57 15.73 15.82 15.59 2313 2053 2372 12 USA 7.45 5.93 6.10 12.41 9.17 10.05 1667 1547 1647 13 South Africa 5.00 5.05 5.99 6.30 5.57 8.32 1260 1103 1189 14 Myanmar 5.40 5.70 5.90 3.50 3.60 3.80 648 632 644 World 248.06 254.74 247.62 370.87 444.66 413.35 1495 1746 1669 Source: Oilseeds Statistics: A Compendium-2015, ICAR-IIOR, Hyderabad

6. AVERAGE AREA (LAKH HA) OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012-13 TO 2014-15)

7. AVERAGE PRODUCTION (LAKH TONNES) OF MAJOR SUNFLOWER GROWING COUNTRIES (2012-13 TO 2014-15)

8. NATIONAL SCENARIO

9. AVERAGE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN INDIA (2013-14 TO 2015-16) State Area (`000 ha) Production (`000 tonnes ) Yield (kg/ha) Karnataka 367.00 208.00 563 Andhra Pradesh 58.67 43.67 845 Maharashtra 61.00 27.67 407 Odisha 20.86 24.97 1196 Telangana 16.67 19.67 1197 Bihar 12.63 17.88 1418 West Bengal 13.67 19.67 1438 Punjab 8.77 15.53 1778 Tamil Nadu 8.30 11.25 1354 Haryana 10.53 27.37 2567 All India 578.53 422.95 728

10. POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SUNFLOWER Sr. No. State Districts Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14 (`000 ha) 1 Karnataka Raichur 61.1 Gadag 49.9 Koppal 49.6 Bagalkot 46.7 Gulbarga 41.3 Bellary 27.3 Chitradurga 27.1 Belgaum 13.5 2 Andhra Pradesh YRS Kadapa 46.4 Kurnool 28.3 Prakasam 14.1 Ananthapuram 12.6

11. POTENTIAL STATES AND DISTRICTS OF SUNFLOWER ( contd ) Sr. No. State Districts Avg. area 2011-12 to 2013-14 (`000 ha) 3 Maharashtra Osmanabad 40.6 Latur 19.9 Solapur 19.6 4 Bihar Madhepura 5.6 Supaul 5.3 5. West Bengal Paschim Medinipur 4.7 South 24 Parganas 4.7

12. In Telangana Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda and Karimnagar are the major Sunflower growing districts.

13. The area and production of sunflower crop significantly increased due to following merits of the crops. 1. Short duration (90-100 days) as it is fit well in multiple and intercropping systems. 2. Photo insensitivity of crop enables its cultivation in all seasons i.e kharif, rabi and summer 3. Wide adaptability : it comes well up in any type of soils. 4. Drought and saline tolerant : suitable for the best component crop in dry land farming. 5. High productivity per unit area per unit time with respect to yield of oil. 6. High seed multiplication ratio (1:80) with low seed rate requirement. 7. It is the best substitute for groundnut crop in contingency crop planning . 8. Due to cross pollination nature, there is a great scope for evolution of high yielding composites and hybrids. 9. Good quality oil with high level of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content i.e linoleic and oleic acids. Linolenic acid is absent. 10. Availability of good quality of hybrid seeds and varieties. 11. It is the best catch crop when the land is left otherwise fallow between two seasons.

14. USES/ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 1. The oil content varies from 48-53% and it is premium oil with pale yellow in colour used for cooking and margarine. 2. Sunflower is a rich source of linoleic acid (64%) which helps in reducing the cholesterol deposition in the coronary arteries of the heart. All most of 90% fat is good for human. 3. Sunflower oil has high oxidative stability and it is more useful as frying oil. 4. Sunflower oil is used as industrial feed stock for manufacturing cosmetics, soaps and pharmaceuticals. 5. Oil contains high level of alpha tocopherol , a form of vit . E. 6. Oil cake contains 40-50% high quality protein and it is ideally suited for poultry and livestock. 7. The roasted kernels are used as food for human beings . 8. Sunflower is grown as green manure, fodder crop . 9. The bast fibre of the stem is source for making rough quality paper. 10. Recently sunflower oil is recognized as an alternative source for diesel engines with octane rating of 37 and it is rated as number 2 diesel oil .

15. CLIMATE:- Basically sunflower is a temperate oil seed crop but it is adapted to tropical and subtropical climate. The crop requires a cool climate during germination seedling growth and warm weather from seedling to flowering. Warm and sunny days during flowering to maturity are most favourable . Minimum temperature for germination is 8-10 C but it can germinate even up to 40 C. Night temperature of 18-20 C and day temp. of 24-26 C are ideal for growth, yield and higher oil content. The growing degree days for sunflower have ranged from 1042 to 1300 with base temperature of 10 C. Linoleic levels decreases at higher temperature. The crop is photo insensitive as it flowers at wide range of photoperiods. Optimum day length for better yield should be >12 to 14 hours. High humidity accompanied with cloudy weather and rainfall at the time of flowering results in poor seed set. Fairly drought tolerant with deep root system and comes up in areas receiving minimum rainfall of 500-700mm upto an altitude of 2500 MSL. Latitudinal effect was more significant. Generally it is grown between 40 S to 55 N latitudes but most of the production is concentrated between 20 S to 50 N latitude. Sunflower grown in Northern USA/Canada has higher linoleic acid (poly unsaturated) due low temperature. On contrary, sunflower grown in southern USA had high percentage of oleic acid due to higher temperature.

16. PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES State Hyb / Vars Name of varieties / hybrids Andhra Pradesh Hybrids BSH-1, APSH-11, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi , Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro.Sun.09, NDSH-1, SH-416, DRSH-1 Varieties Morden, TNAUSUF-7, DRSF-108, DRSF-113 Haryana Hybrids BSH-1, KBSH-1, Jwalamukhi , Sungene-85, PAC-36, KBSH-44, Pro. Sun. 09, HSFH-848, DRSH-1 Karnataka Hybrids BSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi , Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, DSH-1, MLSFH-47, KBSH-41, KBSH-42, KBSH 44, Pro.Sun 09, RSFH-1, SH-416, KBSH-53, DRSH-1 Varieties Morden , TNAUSUF-7, DRSF-108, DRSF-113

17. PREFERRED HYBRIDS VARIETIES ( contd ) State Hyb / Vars Name of varieties / hybrids Maharashtra Hybrids BSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, LSH-1, LSH-3, PKVSH-27, Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro Sun 09, SH-416, DRSH-1, LSFH-35 Varieties Morden , TNAUSUF-7, Surya, SS-56, LS-11 ( Sidhweswar ), DRSF-108, DRSF-113, TAS-82, LSF-8, PKVSF-9, Phule Raviraj Punjab Hybrids BSH-1, KBSH-1, PSFH-67, Jwalamukhi , Sungene-85, PAC-36, PSFH-118, KBSH-44, DRSH-1, PSFH-118, PSFH 569 Tamil Nadu Hybrids BSH-1, MSFH-8, KBSH-1, MSFH-17, Jwalamukhi , Sungene-85, PAC-36, PAC-1091, TCSH-1, MLSFH-47, KBSH-44, Pro. Sun. 09, SH. 416, DRSH-1 Varieties Morden , TNAUSUF-7, CO-1, CO-2, DRSF-108, DRSF-113, COSFV-5

18. Soil: Sunflower performs well on a wide range of soils such as sandy loams, black soils and alluviums. It does best on fertile, well-drained neutral soils As a rainfed crop during rabi season, sunflower can profitably be cultivated in moisture retentive soils like Vertisoils The ideal pH is around 6.5-8.0 Though can tolerate slight alkaline conditions but not acidity Field preparation: Sunflower requires a well pulverized seed bed for better germination and growth. One/two ploughings with soil turning plough (or) M B plough followed by 2-3 harrowing's and planking are sufficient to bring desired soil tilth.

19. Time of sowing: Sunflower being a photo insensitive can be grown irrespective of the season. • Kharif: Telangana: First week of August. • Rabi (rainfed): First F N of sept. - First F N of Oct. (Irrigated): November – December. • Summer: second FN of January - First week of February The sowing date of Sunflower can be adjusted in such a way that flowering period does not coincide with heavy rains because it affects pollination and seed set.

20. Seeds and sowing: For quick germination, under rainfed condition the seed should be soaked in fresh water for about 14 hours followed by shade drying as sunflower seeds have thick hulls and imbibes water at slow rate. This process is called seed hardening . Sunflower seeds cannot be used as seed, immediately after harvest of crop since seeds will have dormancy period ranging from 40-50 days. To overcome the dormancy, treat the seed with etherel solution of 25 ppm for 6 hours.

21. Seed rate: Spacing: varieties: 45 × 30 cm Hybrids: 60 × 30 cm METHOD OF SOWING: Line sowing by seed drill is recommended (or) behind the plough. Direction of rows preferably North – South as the sunflower head in phototropic from emergence to flowering. The head and leaves face east in morning and west in evening. Phototropic nature ceases one day before the ray florets open. Depth of sowing: optimum depth of sowing is 4-5 cm. Rain fed (kg ha -1 ) Irrigated (kg ha -1 ) Varieties: 8-10 6-7 Hybrids: 5-6 4-5

22. Seed Treatment : Seed should be treated with Thiram or Captan @ 2-3 g/kg of seed to protect from seed-borne diseases Seed treatment with Metalaxyl @ 6 g/kg can protect the crop against downy mildew disease Treat the seed with Imidacloprid @ 5 g/kg before sowing against insect vectors for the necrosis management For quick germination and better stand in dryland conditions, soaking of seeds in fresh water for about 10 hours is recommended

23. Thinning: Maintenance of optimum population by judicious thinning at 10-15 days after germination to retain single healthy plant per hill is essential for obtaining optimum yields Additional yield advantage from 18 to 23% is recorded through proper thinning.

24. FYM @ 5-10 t ha -1 2-3 weeks before sowing. Rainfed crop: 60: 40: 30 kg N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O / ha ½ N as basal and ½ N at 30 DAS Irrigated crop: 80: 60: 40 kg N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O / ha Hybrids responds up to 120 kg N ha -1 1/3rd N, P 2 O 5 & K 2 O as basal 1/3rd N at 30 DAS (Button stage) 1/3rd N at 55 DAS (flowering stage) Sulphur is essential for increasing oil yield; addition of elemental sulphur at 25 @ kg ha -1 is recommended to soil at last ploughing. In Zinc deficit soils, foliar spraying of ZnSO 4 @ 1% is beneficial. Borax @ 0.2 % to Capitulum at ray floweret opening improves the seed filling and oil content Manures and fertilizers:

25. Irrigation: Sunflower is highly responsive to irrigation. The total water requirement of sunflower is 500-600 mm. Under moisture stress conditions, centre portion of head is not filled properly and reduce the yield significantly. The critical stages for moisture in Bud initiation (30 DAS), flower opening (45-50DAS) (most sensitive to moisture stress) and seed filling (60-75 DAS) The total number irrigations depend up on seasons i.e. 3-6 for kharif and 4-8 for Rabi. Irrigation should be stopped at 20 days before harvesting. Sunflower is an excellent indicator plant for identifying the moisture stress. Irrigation should be given at 50% DASM at all growth stages except at critical stage where irrigation is given at 30 DASM. Irrigation at IW/ CPE of 0.5-1.0 is ideal. On an average WUE is 50-60 kg seed ha -1 cm -1 . The crop is irrigated by ridge and furrow method.

26. Irrigation: Critical Stage Days After Sowing Short duration varieties Long duration varieties Bud initiation 30-35 35-40 Flower opening 45-50 55-65 Seed filling 55-80 65-90

27. Weed control: Sunflower has slow growth rate during 4-6 WAS hence weed free condition during the period results in better yields. The crop weed competition in sunflower is 30-45 DAS i.e. 4-6 WAS. Two inter cultivations or hand weedings at 15 & 30 DAS is recommended. PPI: Fluchloralin @ 1 kg a.i ha -1 PE: Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i. ha -1 Alachlor @1-1.5 kg a.i ha -1 Post Emergence: not recommended since the crop is sensitive to most of the herbicides and pollinating agents are also damaged, however Nitrofen @ 0.5 kg ha -1 is recommended. Earthing up at knee high stage is recommended to avoid lodging the crop before flower opening.

28. Harvesting: The sunflower crop is ready for harvesting when the moisture content of seed is 20%. The sunflower head is mature physiologically at 35-40 Days after flowering. It ranges from 90-100 DAS. The heads are ripe when back of the head turns yellowish brown and lower leaves become brown to dark brown . The harvesting should be done with the help of sickle by removing the head. The harvested head should be thoroughly sun dried and threshed by beating the centre of the head with small stick or threshers are also useful. Then winnowing, drying and storage of seeds. Delay in harvesting leads to losses due to birds and shattering in the field itself.

29. Yield: Rainfed : 10-15 q/ha Irrigated: 20-25 q/ha Stalk yield: 10-12 q/ha Quality : Oil content in kernel is 48-53% and oil content in seed is 28-35%. Protein is 14-19%, crude fibre – 16-27% . Sunflower oil is of premium quality because of its colour , flavour and good nutritional quality. It contains high levels of linoleic acid whereas saturated fatty acids as palmitic and steiric acids are of only 15%. Being free of any toxic constituents, it is an excellent edible oil. Amino acid composition : Sunflower protein contains higher proportion of essential amino acids. It contains higher methionine . Sunflower protein is highly digestable and has high biological value.

30. Cropping systems: Development of early and medium duration varieties with thermo and photo sensitive cultivars is useful in multiple cropping systems. Intercropping systems : · Sunflower + groundnut (2:6) or (2:4) · Sunflower + finger millet (3:6) · Sunflower + soybean (3:3) · Sunflower + green gram/Bengal gram (1:1)

31. INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS State Soil Type Efficient Intercropping Row Ratio Karnataka Alfisol Groundnut+Sunflower 4:2, 3:1 Alfisol Pigeonpea+Sunflower 1:2 / 1:1 Vertisol Pigeonpea+Sunflower 3:1 Alfisol Fingermillet+Sunflower 4:2 Maharashtra Vertisol Pigeonpea+Sunflower 3:3 Vertisol Soybean+Sunflower 2:1 Vertisol Groundnut+Sunflower 6:2 Andhra Pradesh Alfisol Groundnut+Sunflower 4:2 Alfisol Pigeonpea+Sunflower 1 :2 Alfisol Castor+Sunflower 1: 1 Tamil Nadu Alfisol Groundnut+Sunflower 3:1 Alfisol Castor+Sunflower 1:1 Gujarat Alfisol Groundnut+Sunflower 1:1 Vertisol Castor+Sunflower 1:1 Non-traditional Areas Inceptisol Black gram/Green gram + Sunflower 4:2 / 3:1

32. Irrigated conditions : · Rice-groundnut-sunflower · Rice – Rice - Sunflower · Rice – Sunflower – pulses · Rice – fingermillet – sunflower · Rice – sunflower · Cotton – sunflower · Mustard - sunflower Sequence cropping Rainfed · Sunflower - mustard (2 Y) · Sunflower – groundnut (2 Y) · Sunflower – Maize (2 Y) · Sunflower – wheat ( 1 Y) · Sunflower – Sorghum (1 Y) Sunflower residues in soil have inhibitory effect because of certain allelochemicals (Chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid)which cause inhibition of growth of succeeding crops.

33. ROLE OF BEE-KEEPING Honey bees play a very important role in increasing seed set in sunflower Maintaining 5 hives/ha facilitates optimum pollination, besides yielding valuable honey Avoid spray of insecticide at the blooming period as it affects the visit of pollinators (bees) If absolutely essential, spray or dust in the evenings after 3.00 PM preferably with relatively safer insecticides like Endosulfan or Phosalone

34. SEED SETTING AND FILLING Seed filling under good management conditions is around 75%. Apart from genetic factors, environmental factors greatly influence the seed setting and filling in sunflower Higher seed filling is observed during Rabi / summer than kharif season Application of MgSO 4 has shown increased seed filling as well as seed yield Boron application at ray floret opening stage improves seed set, filling percent, test weight, yield and quality Presence of pollinators viz. honey bees also influences the seed setting and seed yield

35. NUTRITIVE VALUE Sunflower is considered as one of the healthiest oils with ideal ratio of poly-unsaturated ( linoleic ) fatty acid (44-75%) and mono-unsaturated (oleic) fatty acid (14-35%), therefore, it is a preferred cooking oil in India Total imported vegetable oil (10.38 million tonnes) included about 1 million tonnes of sunflower oil during 2012-13. Sunflower oil was so expensive that brands tended to blend cheaper soya oil in it Russia and Ukraine have largest stake in import of sunflower oil to India Being a rich source of liolenic and oleic acid and presence of Vitamin-A, roasted sunflower seeds are also used as snacks During 2014-15 around 5,558 tonnes of sunflower seed was exported with a value of Rs. 39.92 crore

36. MSP & MARKET PRICE Sunflower is covered under Minimum Support Price (MSP) declared by Government of India National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd. (NAFED) is the Nodal agency for organizing procurement of sunflower under Price Support Scheme (PSS) The MSP, average market price and quantity of sunflower procured by NAFED during the last 5 years indicate that price of sunflower quite often falls below the MSP

37. MSP & MARKET PRICE (contd.) Year MSP (Rs./ qtl ) Avg. market price (Rs./ qtl ) Quantity procured (MT) States 2008-09 2215 2533 10342 Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh 2009-10 2215 1978 3376 Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh 2010-11 2350 2104 845 Haryana, Odisha 2011-12 2800 2759 - - 2012-13 3700 2932 - -

38. EXPORT - IMPORT OF SUNFLOWER OIL AND PRODUCTS DURING 2014-15   Commodity Export Import Quantity (`000 kg) Value (Rs. in crore ) Quantity (`000 kg) Value (Rs. in crore ) Sunflower seed 5558.19 39.92 1245.00 4.01 Oil cake and meal 1233.10 2.40 40880.52 70.21 Crude oil 13.62 0.21 1712439.75 9555.76 Edible and non-edible oil 1846.06 15.98 251.06 2.13 Total 8650.97 58.51 1754816.33 9632.11

39. USES OF SUNFLOWER PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS Product/By-product Usage Immature seed Feed for poultry Latex from leaves Source of rubber Ray florets Yellow dye extracted for dye industry Flower Source of nectar and pollen for honey Stalks Raw material for paper industry Thalamus after de-seeding Used as complete feed for milch animals Sunflower seed/kernel Confectionary industry Deoiled meal Animal feed