Sustainable development of Africa and UN

Presentations

1. IHEA Foundation Master
Sustainable Management of Resources for Local Development:
Empowering Higher Education in Africa Draft Concept
Module 1:
Sustainable developementand the Africa challenge

2. •In 1987the ONUreport «Ourcommon future», (Bruntlandreport) presentsthe idea of
sustainabledevelopment. Itemergesthe environmentalaspectbutevenbiggeristhe attentionto
the temporaldimension: equalrightsfor differentgeneration, and also the passing of the baton
between generations.
•In 1990UNDPpublishesthe first Report on Human Development and presentsthe HDI Human
Development Indexthatincludesthe economicdimension, the levelof educationand the health as
fundamentalelementsfor human development.
•In 2000the UN, with the World Bank, IMF International MonetaryFoundand OECD launchesthe
objectivesof the millennium, Millenium Development Goals-MDGs, ranging from poverty to
education, to health, to environment, gender and the definition of development widens further.
Goals such as improvements to be achieved in 2015.
The evolution of the concept of development

3. •Beyond the ‘90: Human and sustainabledevelopment
•We talk about Sustainable Human Development as a process of gradual broadening of the
choice of persons (UNDP).
human development
•improves human capacitiesin the cultural and professional areas, taking into account
first and foremost health (development of the people)
•stimulates economic growth and equitable distribution of wealth (development for the
people)
•guarantees each individual the opportunity to participate in the development
(development by the people)
sustainable development must integrate (space and time):
•economic system
•environmental system
•social system (social political)
The evolution of the concept of development

4. From the UNDP site:
Human Development is a development paradigm that is about creating an environment in which people
can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests.
People are the real wealth of nations. Development is thus much more than economic growth, which is only
a means —if a very important one —of enlarging people’s choices.
Fundamental to enlarging these choices is building human capabilities. The most basic capabilities for
human development are to lead
-long and healthy lives,
-to be knowledgeable,
-to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living
-to be able to participate in the life of the community.
Human Development Index

5. One of the most meaningful social indicator is the HDI, that combined the
normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and Gross Domestic Product
per capita (GDP) for countries worldwide.
With this index is possible to create a ranking. Country with
a HDI higher than 0.8 are considered High Human Developed,
a HDI between 0.5 and 0.8 are consider Medium Human Developed while
a HDI lower then 0.5 Low Human Developed countries.
Human Development Index

6. The HDI is NOW build up as follows:
•Life Expectancy Index (LEI)
•Education Index (EI)
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of Schooling
•GNI Index (GNIindex)
Mean years of schooling is estimated more frequently for more countries and can
discriminate better among countries, while expected years of schooling is
consistent with the reframing of this dimension in terms of years.
Issue of quality of education is still open
To measure the standard of living, gross national income (GNI) per capita replaces
gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In a globalized world differences are
often large between the income of a country’s residents and its domestic
production. Some of the income residents earn is sent abroad, some residents
receive international remittances and some countries receive sizeable aid flows. GNI
can also account for the national debt.
GNIindexEILEIHDI ××=
A key change was to shift to a geometric mean: thus in 2010 the HDI is the
geometric mean of the three dimension indices. This method captures how well
rounded a country’s performance is across the three dimensions.
Human Development Index
NEW METHODOLOGY from 2010
Wealth and Welfare

7. GNP and GDP reflect the national output and income of an economy.
The main difference is that GNP (Gross National Product) takes into account net income
receipts from abroad.
•GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is a measure of national income / national output and
national expenditure produce in a particular country.
•GNP(Gross National Product)= GDP +Net property income from abroad. This net income
from abroad includes, dividends , interest and profit. GNP includes the value of all goods and
services produced by nationals whether in the country or not.
•GNI(Gross National Income) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any
product taxes (minus subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of
primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
Human Development Index
NEW METHODOLOGY from 2010
Wealth and Welfare

8. The 8 Millennium Development Goals
defined forEmerging and Developing region1
2
3
crucial basic needs and vital services
urgency of global partnership
2000-2015
One solution does not fit all in Development
Development in the Third Millennium
The dawn of the third Millennium: towards Human and Sustainable Development

9. Key MDGachievements
•More than 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty (since 1990)
•Child mortality dropped by more than half (since 1990)
•The number of out of school children has dropped by more than half (since 1990)
•HIV/AIDS infections fell by almost 40 percent (since 2000)
However, progress has not been uniform
across the world with some countries
making big strides and others making
little to no progress across the eight
goals.
Of course, it is also debatable to what
extent the creation of the MDGs
themselves led to the progress that was
seen.

10. •The opening of the Third Millennium
…to the Sustainable Development paradigm
a strategy for an inclusive “growth” in the postAgenda 2030
From the 8 Millennium Development Goals…
the mainstream of development for DCs in Y2000
The evolution of the concept of development

11. defined forall countries in the world1
2
3
Engage more aspect of life
confirmed urgency of global partnership
The Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development
Development in the Third Millennium
2015-2030

12. The Agenda 2030 and Sustainable Development
Development in the Third Millennium
2015-2030The SDGsweredevelopedwith the contributionof the Open
Working Groupin whichseatswereallocatedfor the five
differentUN regions, with the following memberships:

13. Aggregation of SDGs –Human Development
GOAL 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
GOAL 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture
GOAL 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
GOAL 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote
lifelong learning opportunities for all
GOAL 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
2015-2030
The Agenda 2030 and the 17 Goals
Development in the Third Millennium

14. GOAL 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all
GOAL 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern
energy for all
GOAL 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
GOAL 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine
resources for sustainable development
GOAL 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt
and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
2015-2030Aggregation of SDGs –Resources
The Agenda 2030 and the 17 Goals
Development in the Third Millennium

15. GOAL 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all
GOAL 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
GOAL 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
GOAL 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
2015-2030Aggregation of SDGs –Socio-Economic Dimension
The Agenda 2030 and the 17 Goals
Development in the Third Millennium
GOAL 11:Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

16. GOAL 17: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the
global partnership for sustainable development
GOAL 16:Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
institutions at all levels
Aggregation of SDGs –Work together2015-2030
The Agenda 2030 and the 17 Goals
Development in the Third Millennium

17. SDG INDICATORS
The global indicators framework was adopted by
the UN General Assembly on 6 July 2017 and is
contained in theResolution adopted by the
General Assembly on Work of the Statistical
Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313).
According to the Resolution, the indicator
framework is refined annually and reviewed
comprehensively by the Statistical Commission
at its 51stsession in March 2020 and its 56th
session, to be held in 2025.
The global indicator framework
includes231unique indicators.
The total number of indicators listed in the
global indicator framework of SDG is 247.
However, twelve indicators are repeated
under two or three different targets
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators
-list/
Goal 1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere,
currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
1.1.1 Proportion of the population living below the international
poverty line by sex, age, employment status and geographic location
(urban/rural)
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and
children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to
national definitions
1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by
sex and age
1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in
poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial
coverage of the poor and the vulnerable
1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection
floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons,
older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns,
work-injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and
the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access
to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of
property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and
financial services, including microfinance
1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic
services
1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to
land, (a) with legally recognized documentation, and (b) who perceive
their rights to land as secure, by sex and type of tenure
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable
situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related
extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and
disasters
1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons
attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
1.5.2 Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global
gross domestic product (GDP)
1.5.3 Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster
risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction 2015–2030
1.5.4 Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local
disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk
reduction strategies
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources,
including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to
provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in
particular least developed countries, to implement programmesand
policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
1.a.1 Total official development assistance grants from all donors that
focus on poverty reduction as a share of the recipient country’s gross
national income
1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services
(education, health and social protection)
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and
international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development
strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication
actions
1.b.1 Pro-poor public social spending

18. from Sept, 2015
•Plenty of reliable data are needed
•Development is not (just) adding new dimensions
•Development is a process of empowerment & ownership
•Avoid risk to confuse ends and means
•…
2015-2030Risks and Opportunities
Processtowardsthe Agenda 2030
Development in the Third Millennium

19. Category I: Objective(s) of sustainable development
MDGs aim at poverty reductionSDGs aim at integral development
Sustainable development aims at: Sustainabledevelopmentaimsat:
Poverty reduction as main objective 5 Ps: People, Prosperity, Planet, Partnership and Peace as
equally important objectives
Pro-poor growth to reduce poverty Inclusive growth and integral development
Enhance economic growth, aid and improve
governance to reduce poverty
Pursuing policy coherence/integration, enhancing
synergies
Earth System Governance
Volume 7, March 2021, 100087
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esg.2020.100087
ComparisonmatrixbetweenMDGsand SDGs

20. Category II: Means to reach sustainable development
MDGs for (macro-)economic policies SDGs for people-centredpolicies
Sustainable development policies focus on: Sustainabledevelopmentpolicies focus on:
Meeting people's basic needs through
economic policies
Improving people's lives through integration of economic,
social and environmental concerns in policies
Participation in global economy and open
economic trade system
Equality and equity is promoted in the trade system (UN,
2015a, Goal 17.10, 27)
Aggregates and national averages, focus on
poorest people
Disaggregates, individuals and/or localities, focus on the
most vulnerable and marginalisedso that “no one is left
behind” (UN, 2015a 31)
ComparisonmatrixbetweenMDGsand SDGs

21. Category III: Relations between developed-developing countries
MDGs frame divided relations SDGs frame universal relations
Developed-developing country relations
framed as: Developed-developingcountry relations framedas:
Divided responsibilitiesUniversal responsibilities
Aid to developing countries Partnerships with developing countries
Passive role for developed countries Active role for developed countries
ComparisonmatrixbetweenMDGsand SDGs

22. •7 Aspirations reflecting the desire of African people for
shared prosperity and well-being, for unity and integration,
for a continent of free citizens and expanded horizons, where
the full potential of women and youth are realised, and with
freedom from fear, disease and want
https://au.int/en/agenda2063/aspirations

23. The UN Agenda 2030 and the AfricanUnion (AU) Agenda 2063 wereendorsedin
the sameyear, 2015. One for the World and the otherfor Africa.
So, whichAgenda ison the table?
Africancountries partecipatedin the developmentof SDGsthroughthe Open
Working Group (7 membersfrom Africa), whilstAgenda 2063 isa product of AU. It
emergedfrom the Golden JubileeSummit in 2013, fiftyyearsafter the
establishment of Organisationof AfricanUnity(OAU) in 1963, and itstruggles
againstcolonialismand apartheid with the idealsof Pan-Africanismand African
Renaissance.
Apartfrom ideologicaldifferences, UN2030 and AU 2063 express strong synergies,
theydo notcompete eachotherand theyshare a common vision of African
development.
For the AU, the SDGsare a vehiclefor achievingitsownAgenda 2063.

24. Example:
Aspiration1:AprosperousAfricabasedoninclusivegrowthandsustainable
development
Goals:
1.Ahighstandardofliving,qualityoflifeandwell-beingforall
1.endingpoverty,inequalitiesofincomeandopportunity;jobcreation,especiallyaddressing
youthunemployment;facinguptothechallengesofrapidpopulationgrowthandurbanization,
improvementofhabitatsandaccesstobasicnecessitiesoflife–water,sanitation,electricity;
providingsocialsecurityandprotection

25. Multi-Stakeholders Partnership is today more and more
requiredProblemsarepersistentintime
Problemsaregettingcomplexandinterrelated
Nouniquesolution(bottomupandtopdown)
Multidisciplinaryapproachisrequired
GovernmentPrivate
Sector
International
OrganisationCivil
Society Academia
Diversificationof partners
25
Players in development

26. •The governative cooperation: bilateral& multilateral
•The AidisPublic
•Bilateralcooperation is the bearer of interest for the donor:
•Actors are GOVERNMENTS
•Is based on direct relationships / cooperation agreements
•Subject to fewer controls
•Multilateralcooperation seems more inspired by analysis of need:
•Actors are INSTITUTIONSand INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES (with funds coming from the
government in form of compulsory or voluntary contribution!)
•Is founded on the will of the international community to maintain peace and promote
development and prosperity
•Ensures better coordination and effectiveness
Some countries are introducing a principle of balance between the two:
•In the 90's tends to decrease and to be overridden by private aid
Players in development

27. •The private sector
•Direct
•Commercial and economicdevelopment
•Industrial empowerment
•Indirect
•Corporate Social Responsibility
•Compensationprojects
•Local contextdevelopmentprojects
•The Universitycooperation
•Direct
•Based on Education and Research
•Strengthening local universities to promote research and innovation
•Training future generations (entrepreneurs and policy makers)
•Indirect
•Partnerships with the other players
Players in development

28. •The non-governative cooperation
•The non-governmental cooperation is more independent from the governments, sometimes they are of
clear inspiration (from Marxism to Catholicism ...)
•The NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS are advocates of ethical and societal demands and commonly
share (at least in Europe):
•share solidarity purposes
•Experience absence of institutional constraints
•Pursue social justice, equity, human rights
•Use a participatory approach
•Attitude toward Non-profit-making
•Have a democratic internal structure
•Try to differentiate the source of funding
•Try to have a transparent and accountable management of funds
NGOs are born in the 60s & 70s: the debate with governmental cooperation is extensive.Common
ground: aspiration for peace and development of peoples.Importance of International Volunteer.
Players in development

29. Multi-Expertise Partnership is needed
Prioritiesneedtobeset
Fielddiagnosisareneeded(socio-economic,culture…)
Strategiesneedtobeselectedonthebasesoftheirimpact
AppropriateTechnologiesneedtobechosen
Social
ScientistEconomistsEngineersPolicy
expertsEducators
Capacitybuilding/Businessmodelsarerequired
Diversificationof partners
Players in development

30. ITALY AFRICA CONFERENCE
•Partnership with Africa: new official document
•Guidelines
•Sahel, Horn of Africa
•Stability, Employment, Development
•Investment
•Military cooperation
•Stabilizecriseareas
•Investments and Employment. Italianinvestments.
•“Encounters with Africa” Conference (7-8 October 2021)
•People to People relation: the essence of Italian cooperation