SWINE FLU.pdf

Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is a respiratory disease caused by the H1N1 strain of the influenza virus. Initially identified in pigs, it can infect humans, leading to widespread illness and occasional pandemics.

1. SWINE
FLU
MS. SONAM SHARMA
ASST. PROFESSOR

2. DEFINITION
•Swine flu, also known as H1N1 influenza, is
a respiratory disease caused by influenza
viruses that infect the respiratory tract of pigs.
It can be transmitted to humans and has been
responsible for several outbreaks, including
the 2009 pandemic.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL TRIAD
Agent (H1N1 Influenza Virus)
Host (Humans) Environment (winter)

4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
•Human-to-Human Transmission
•Respiratory Droplets
•Fomites(Contaminated Surfaces
•Close Contact
•ZoonoticTransmission (Pig-to-Human)
•Direct Contact with Infected Pigs
•Indirect Contact
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5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inflammatory response
Cell apoptosis release viral particles
Spread infection
Viral replication
Virus Attachment to epithelial cell
Entry of the virus
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6. SYMPTOMS
Fever
A sudden onset of high fever, typically
over 100.4°F (38°C).
Fever may be accompanied by chills.
Cough
Persistent and dry or productive cough.
Sore Throat
Painful or scratchy sensation in the
throat.
Runny or Stuffy Nose
Nasal congestion or discharge.
Body Aches
Muscle aches and joint pain, often
severe.
Headache
Generalized headache, sometimes
intense.
Fatigue
Severe tiredness and weakness, which
can be prolonged.
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7. DIAGNOSIS
•H/T
•P/E
•Laboratory Testing
•Reverse Transcription-PolymeraseChain
Reaction(RT-PCR)
•Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests (RIDTs)
•Viral Culture
•Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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8. TREATMENT
1.Antiviral Medications
•Oseltamivir(Tamiflu)
•Dosage: Typically, 75 mg twice daily for 5 days.
•Mechanism: Inhibits neuraminidase, preventing the
release of new viral particles from infected cells.
•Indications: Recommended for high-risk groups,
including young children, elderly, pregnant women,
and individuals with chronic health conditions.
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9. •Zanamivir(Relenza)
•Dosage: Usually administered via inhalation,
10 mg (two inhalations) twice daily for 5 days.
•Mechanism: Similar to oseltamivir, it inhibits
neuraminidase.
•Indications: Suitable for patients who cannot
tolerate oral medications or in cases where the
virus is resistant to oseltamivir.
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10. •Peramivir(Rapivab)
•Dosage: Administered as a single intravenous dose,
600 mg.
•Mechanism: Another neuraminidase inhibitor.
•Indications: For hospitalized patients or those who
cannot take oral or inhaled antivirals.
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11. •BaloxavirMarboxil(Xofluza)
•Dosage: Single oral dose based on body weight.
•Mechanism: Inhibits the cap-dependent
endonucleaseactivity of the polymerase acidic
protein, crucial for viral replication.
•Indications: An option for otherwise healthy
individuals 12 years and older, within 48 hours
of symptom onset.
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12. 2.Supportive Care
Supportive care aims to relieve symptoms and maintain
hydration and nutrition.
•Rest
•Ensures the body can focus energy on fighting the
infection.
•Hydration
•Drink plenty of fluids (water, clear broths, herbal
teas) to prevent dehydration.
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13. •Over-the-Counter Medications
•Antipyretics and Analgesics: Acetaminophen
(Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to reduce fever and
alleviate pain.
•Decongestants: To relieve nasal congestion.
•Cough Suppressants: To reduce coughing.
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14. 3.Hospitalization
Severe cases of swine flu, especially those with
complications such as pneumonia or respiratory distress,
may require hospitalization.
•Oxygen Therapy
•For patients with hypoxemia (low blood oxygen levels).
•Mechanical Ventilation
•In cases of severe respiratory failure.
•Intravenous Fluids
•To maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.
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15. 4.Preventive Measures
Preventing the spread of swine flu is crucial,
particularly in high-risk environments.
•Vaccination
•Annual flu vaccines include protection against
H1N1. Vaccination is the most effective way to
prevent influenza.
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16. •Hygiene Practices
•Hand Washing: Regular and thorough hand washing
with soap and water.
•Hand Sanitizers: Use alcohol-based hand sanitizers
when soap and water are not available.
•Respiratory Etiquette: Covering mouth and nose
with a tissue or elbow when coughing or sneezing.
•Avoiding Close Contact
•Avoid close contact with infected individuals. If you
are sick, stay home to prevent spreading the virus.
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17. 5.Public Health Measures
During outbreaks or pandemics, public health authorities
may implement measures to control the spread of the virus.
•Isolation and Quarantine
•Isolating infected individuals and quarantining those
exposed to the virus.
•Travel Advisories and Restrictions
•Implementing travel restrictions and advisories to limit
the spread of the virus across regions and countries.
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18. 6.Special Considerations
Certain populations require special attention in the
treatment and prevention of swine flu.
•Pregnant Women
•Higher risk of complications. Prompt antiviral
treatment is recommended.
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19. •Children
•Dosage adjustments for antiviral medications.
Emphasis on vaccination and hygiene.
•Elderly and ImmunocompromisedIndividuals
•Higher risk of severe illness. Close monitoring
and early antiviral treatment are essential.
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