Syllabic structure of English words.pptx

Syllabic structure of English words

1. SYLLABIC STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS

2. Outline General characteristic of syllables Theories on syllables formation The structure of syllables Rules of syllable division Graphic characteristics of the syllable division Functional characteristic of the syllable

3. 1. General characteristic of syllables Syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds. It is typically made up of a s yllable nucleus (most often a vowel ) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants ). syllable , a segment of speech that consists of a vowel , with or without one or more accompanying consonant sounds immediately preceding or following—for example, a, I, out, too, cap, snap, check. A syllabic consonant, such as the final n sound in button and widen, also constitutes a syllable

4. 1. General characteristic of syllables A word that consists of a single syllable (like English dog ) is called a monosyllable (and is said to be monosyllabic ). Similar terms include disyllable (and disyllabic ; also bisyllable and bisyllabic ) for a word of two syllables; trisyllable (and trisyllabic ) for a word of three syllables; and polysyllable (and polysyllabic ), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable. Purely articulatory unit Smallest pronounceable unit Features of syllable Chain of phonemes Constructed on the basis of contrast Nucleus is a vowel Distribution of phonemes is specific for a particular language

5. 1. General characteristic of syllables Though the basic phonological elements are phonemes, human intercommunication is actualized in syllables. The syllable as a unit is difficult to define, though native speakers of a lunguage are usually able to state how many syllables there are in a particular word. According to J. Kenyon the syllable is one or more speech sounds, forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance, which may be a word, or a commonly recognized subdivision of a word. The syllable can be a single word: chair /tςεə/, a part of a word: En­glish /'ıŋglıς/, a part of the grammatical form of a word: later /'leı-ta/.

6. 1. General characteristic of syllables Acoustically and auditorily the syllable is characterized by the force of utterance, or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length, that is by prosodic features. Acoustic properties of syllables are studied with the help of intonograph and spectrograph. Electroacoustic analysis made it possible to formulate some rules of syllable division (see below). Spectrograms of Russian ГС syllabic structures show, that such syllables are characterized by some noise in the beginning of the vowel and by a vowel-like termination of the consonant: с ГC г , it is of great importance for syllable division.

7. 2. Theories on syllables formation Ancient theory Expiratory ( chest pulse , pressure ) (R.H. Stetson) Sonority (O. Jesperson ) <the least sonorous> voiceless plosives voiced fricatives voiced plosives voiced fricatives  sonorants close vowels open vowels <the most sonorous> Muscular tension (L.V. Shcherba ) Loudness (N.I. Zhinkin )

8. Sonority (O. Jesperson ) О. Jespersen established the scale of sonority of sounds, that is, the scale of their inherent prominence Scale of Sonority 1. low vowels /а:, o:, υ, æ/ 2. mid vowels /e, з:, ə, Λ/ 3. high vowels /i:, ı, u:, u/ 4. semi-vowels /w, j/ 5. sonorants /1, r, m, n, n/ 6. voiced constrictive consonants /v, z, 3, ð/ 7. voiced plosive consonants /b, d, g/ 8. voiceless constrictive consonants and affricates /f, tς, d3, f, s, h, θ/ 9. voiceless plosive consonants /p, t, k/

9. Muscular tension (L.V. Shcherba ) The "arc of loudness" or "arc of articulatory tension" theory is based on L.V. Shcherba's statement that the centre of a syllable is the syllable forming phoneme. Shcherba distinguishes the following types of consonants; finally strong (initially weak), they occur at the beginning of the syllable; finally weak (initially strong), they occur at the end of a closed syllable, double peaked (combination of two similar sounds): in their articulation the beginning and the end are energetic and the middle is weak.

10. A syllable can be formed by a vowel: (V) in English, (Г) in Russian; by a vowel and a consonant: (VC) in English, (ГС) in Russian; by a consonant and a sonorant (CS).   Г, V — types of syllable called uncovered open, ГС, VC — types of syllable called uncovered closed, СГС, CVC — types of syllable called covered closed, СГ, CV — types of syllable called covered open. G. P. Torsuyev suggests a differentiation of the following Russian types of syllabic structures: Г, V type: fully open, СГС, CVC type: fully closed, СГ, CV type: initially covered, ГС, VC type: finally covered 3. The structure of syllables

11. English Russian     V err Г и CVC pit СГС пол CVCC fact СГСС вопль CVCC lasped СГССС текст CCVC plan ССГС жнец CCCVC spleen СССГС взлом CCVCC twist ССГСС фланг CCVCCC stamps ССГССС спектр CCCVCC spleens СССГСС вдрызг CVCCCC texts СГСССС монстр CV dew СГ но CCV spy ССГ дно CCCV straw СССГ мгла VC eat ГС ад VCC act ГСС акр VCCC asks ГССС астр 3. The structure of syllables

12. The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by a vowel or a sonorant . The consonants which precede the peak and follow it are called slopes. Vowels /æ, e, Λ , υ, a:, o:, eı, aı, аu, εə, oı/ constitute almost always the peaks of prominence, /ə, ı, u, эu/ occur, as a rale, in unaccented syllables. The consonant /ŋ/ never begins, /w/ never terminates the syllable. The sonorants /w, r, j/, SVC structural type, function as consonants, because they occur only before vowels: e.g. /wıð, raıt, jes/. 3. The structure of syllables

13. The structural patterns of syllables formed by sonorants with a preceding consonant in English are similar to V+C patterns: CS written /rıtn/. According to G. P. Torsuyev's data the syllabic structure in the Englishlanguage of the combination consonant (terminal position) +a so-norant is characterized by the following data: CS type — 40 combinations, CSC type — 90 combinations, CSCC type 15 combinations, CCSCC type — 1 combination: trnts — entrants. 3. The structure of syllables

14. Syllable-forming sonorants in the combinations of the CS type are terminal/m, n, 1/. E.g. earthen channel prism equal people garden often nation written eagle even decision taken fortunate listen rhythm able angel season camel 3. The structure of syllables

15. The distribution of consonants in the syllables of the CSC type is characterised by the following features: initial consonants may be represented by /p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, 3, tς, d3, m, r, w, n/; the peak sonorants may be represented by /n , m, 1/; final consonants are represented by /t, d, s, z, θ/. E.g. opens vacant goggles ovens patient marbles enables merchant arrivals angels patterns mortals urgent heathens equalled coupled student softened rhythms motions peoples gardens servant decent whistles officials eleventh present persons 3. The structure of syllables

16. The distribution of consonants in the syllables of the CSCC type is characterized by the following features: the initial consonant maybe represented by /p, d, t, tς, d3, f, v, s, z, ς, 3, r/. The peak of syllable is represented by the sonorants /n , 1/, they are immediately followed by /t , d, s/; final consonants are represented by /t , s, z/. E.g.   innocents agents patents tangents parents serpents students servants pheasants errands patiens scaffolds licensed merchants herralds 3. The structure of syllables

17. The syllables of the CSVSCC type: entrants /'entrənts/, emigrants /'emıgrənts/, minstrels /'mınstrəls/, hydrants /'haıdrənts/ can be pro­nounced without (V) — CSSCC type, e.g. emigrants /'emıgrnts/ entrants /'entrnts/ minstrels /'mınstrlz/ hydrants /'haıdrnts/ 3. The structure of syllables

18. English VC, CVC structures are much more common than the Russian СГ structural type. СГ prevalence in the Russian syllabic structure M'Mills in the appearance of the vocalic element of /ъ, ь/ type inside or before the CC clusters. The most commonly occur in /гд, дг/ combinations, e.g. "игде", " отгул ". Similar clusters in English are pronounced with the loss of plosion, e.g. good day, that cat.

19. 4. Rules of syllable division Rules of Syllable Division that Apply to Multisyllabic Words Rule 1: If there are 2 consonant letters between 2 separated vowels, divide between them. bedbug catnip mascot uphill Rule 2: If there is only 1 consonant letter between 2 separated vowels, FOR NOW…the consonant letter goes with the first syllable to ‘close in’ the vowel so it retains its ‘short’ sound. relish limit robin edit Rule 3: Keep consonant digraphs together (sh, ch, ck, th, wh), do NOT split them up. bathmat nutshell dishpan bathtub

20. 4. Rules of syllable division Rule 4: If there are 3 consonant letters between 2 separated vowels, keep common blends together. Be flexible in your decoding. Gum dr op ha nd bag che st nut con tr act Rule 5: If you can make the blend both ways, remember that in most cases, the blend will go with the second syllable. hun dr ed bob sl ed tan tr um Rule 6: If there are 4 consonant letters between 2 separated vowels bust between them. handclasp gangplank grandslam

21. 4. Rules of syllable division Here are the different rules to break words into syllables: Rule 1: VC/CV – Split 2 consonants that are between vowels. Whenever 2 consonants come together in a word, divide between them: VC/CV The exceptions to this are to keep consonant digraphs (i.e. ch, ph, ck) and consonant blends (i.e. bl, st, fr) together.

22. 4. Rules of syllable division Rule 2: C+le – The ending -le usually takes the consonant before it to make one syllable. When a word ends with a consonant and -le, divide it before the consonant so that the last syllable is C+le. The silent e in C+le words helps add that vowel sound we need in every consonant. It’s one of the many jobs of silent e .

23. 4. Rules of syllable division Rule 3: V/CV & VC/V – Split before or after a consonant that comes between 2 vowels. When only one consonant comes between vowels, divide after the first vowel: V/CV. This makes the first syllable an open syllable , and it will have a long sound. Pronounce the word with an open syllable. If this doesn’t make a word that sounds familiar, then divide after the consonant: VC/V. This makes the first syllable closed, so the vowel will say its short sound.

24. 4. Rules of syllable division Rule 4: V/V – Split 2 vowels next to each other that do not work as a team. If a vowel combination is in reverse, divide between the vowels: V/V. In this case, each vowel will have a sound. It’s so important for students to know common vowel teams so they don’t split those up! If students are still learning basic vowel teams, wait to teach this syllable division pattern. Words like “beach” and “boat” have vowel teams that do not get split. These vowel teams work together to represent one vowel sound.

25. 4. Rules of syllable division Rule 5: VC/CCV & VCC/CV – Split before or after the second consonant when 3 consonants come together. When three consonants come together, divide after the first consonant: VC/CCV. If this doesn’t make a word that sounds familiar, divide after the second constant: VCC/CV. These words often contain blends and digraphs, which if you recall, do not get broken up. When you see 3 or more consonants together, look for blends and digraphs to help determine where to split the word.

26. 4. Rules of syllable division Rule 6: Divide after a prefix and before a suffix. When you see a prefix, divide the word right after it. When you see a suffix, divide right before it. There are a few exceptions to suffixes creating their own syllable, but this will be apparent after the student has split up the word and tried to pronounce it. The exception to this rule is the suffix -ed. Sometimes this does not create an extra vowel sound, such as in the words jumped and sailed . Regardless, once the suffix is identified and the word is pronounced, you’ll know if it’s a syllable or not.

27. 5. Graphic characteristics of the syllable division unknown liner maker [ ˌ ʌn - ˈ n ɜʊn ] [ ˈ l aın -ǝ ] [ ˈ m eık -ǝ ] Syllabographs table [ ˈ t eıb- ǝ l ] ta-ble laden [ ˈ l eıd- ǝ n ] la-den

28. Graphic Characteristic of the Syllable Division Constitutive Function The syllable as a phonological unit performs three functions: constituitive, distinctive, identificatory. They are closely connected . 2. Distinctive and Differentiatory Function The distinctive, differentiatory function of the syllabic boundary makes it possible to introduce the term "juncture". 3. Identificatory Function This function is conditioned by the pronunciation of the speaker. The listener can understand the exact meaning of the utterance only if he perceives the correct syllabic boundary

29. Graphic Characteristic of the Syllable Division Division of words into syllables in writing (syllabographs) is based on morphological principles. The mor­phological principle of word division in orthography demands that the partof a word, which is separated, should be either a prefix, or a suffix, or a root (morphograph): un-divided, utter-ance, pun-ish, be-fore. Word Phonetic syllables Syllabographs table /'teıb- ə l/ ta-ble laden /'leıd- ə n/ la-den Spanish /'spæn-ıς/ Span-ish

30. Rules to divide a word in writing: Never divide a word within a syllable. Never divide an ending (a suffix) of two syllables such as - able, -ably, -fully . With the exception of - ly , never divide a word so that an ending of two letters such as - ed , -er, -ic begins the next line. Never divide a word so that one of the parts is a single letter. Never divide a word of one syllable. Never divide a word of less than five letters. Graphic Characteristic of the Syllable Division

31. 6. Functional characteristic of the syllable 1. Constitutive 2. Distinctive ( differentiatory ) lightening – lightning close/open juncture a name – an aim, ice cream – I scream, we loan – will own 3. Identificatory Syllabo -disjuncture pea stalks – peace talks, my train – might rain

32. 1. constitutive function. Syl-s constitute words, phrases, sentences through the combination of their prosodic features: loudness – stress, pitch-tone, duration – length and tmpo. Syl-s can be stressed, unstressed, high, mid, low, rising, falling, long, short. 6. Functional characteristic of the syllable

33. 2. distinctive and differentiatory function . There are rather many combinations in English distinguished from each other by means of the difference in the place of the syllabic boundary: a name — an aim, ice cream — I scream. The distinctive, differentiatory function of the syllabic boundary makes it possible to introduce the term "juncture". 6. Functional characteristic of the syllable

34. 3.Identificatory Function. This function is conditioned by the pronunciation of the speaker. The listener can understand the exact meaning of the utterance only if he perceives the correct syllabic boundary — " syllabo - disjuncture" 6. Functional characteristic of the syllable

35. Источники: Syllables! | Scratch Garden https://studopedia.su/7_35952_Theories-of-Syllable-Formation-and-Syllable-Division.html PHONETICS-8: Syllable Structure https://studopedia.su/7_35951_Lecture-- Syllable.html https://yagu.s-vfu.ru/pluginfile.php/363475/mod_resource/content/1/Lecture%205.pdf

36. Тест What is a syllable? a)A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds b) A syllable most important part in a word c) A syllable an instument used by researchers in order to analise sounds   What are the components that make a syllable? a)The syllable is made up of a logically structured sound sequence b) The syllable is formed by a vowel and a consonat c)Typically it is made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants) How many theories of syllable formation we distinguish? a)2 b)3 c)4

37. Тест What did Zhinkin discover? a) N. Zhinkin discovered the relation between the toungue and the digestion process b) N. Zhinkin showed that it is the phar­ynx, which is responsible for the variations in the loudness of the syllable c) N. Zhinkin disovered that the larynx is not responsable for the variation in the loudness of the syllable   What is a sonorant? a) the sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract b) the sonorant is the auditory diffence between a consonat and a vowel c) the sonorant is is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds   What represents the crest of a syllable? a)The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by a loudness of a sound b) The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by a loudness of the syllable c) The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by consonants  

38. Тест How many rules of Syllables Division there are? a)6 b)2 c)3 What are the functions of the syllable as a phonological unit? a) constituitive b) distinctive c) identificatory d) all of them How many tones does H. Sweet distinguish? a) 3 tones and 2 additional b) 8 tones c) 4 tones

39. Тест what are the main approaches to the problem of intonation in Great Britain? a) the contour analysis and grammatical problem b)the analytical problem and the literary problem c)the gin and tonic prblem what we understand as intonation in the English language? a)the way we pronounce a vowel b)the way we pronounce a consonant c)Intonation is a complex unity of non-segmental features of speech   what do we consider as the nucleus in a syllble? a) the vowel b) the consonat c) the highest-pitched sound of a word

40. Тест What is a syllable? a)A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds b) A syllable most important part in a word c) A syllable an instument used by researchers in order to analise sounds   What are the components that make a syllable? a)The syllable is made up of a logically structured sound sequence b) The syllable is formed by a vowel and a consonat c)Typically it is made up of a syllable nucleus (most often a vowel) with optional initial and final margins (typically, consonants) How many theories of syllable formation we distinguish? a)2 b)3 c)4

41. Тест What did Zhinkin discover? a) N. Zhinkin discovered the relation between the toungue and the digestion process b) N. Zhinkin showed that it is the phar­ynx, which is responsible for the variations in the loudness of the syllable c) N. Zhinkin disovered that the larynx is not responsable for the variation in the loudness of the syllable   What is a sonorant? a) the sonorant is a speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the vocal tract b) the sonorant is the auditory diffence between a consonat and a vowel c) the sonorant is is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds   What represents the crest of a syllable? a)The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by a loudness of a sound b) The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by a loudness of the syllable c) The peak or the crest of the syllable is formed by consonants  

42. Тест How many rules of Syllables Division there are? a)6 b)2 c)3 What are the functions of the syllable as a phonological unit? a) constituitive b) distinctive c) identificatory d) all of them How many tones does H. Sweet distinguish? a) 3 tones and 2 additional b) 8 tones c) 4 tones

43. Тест what are the main approaches to the problem of intonation in Great Britain? a) the contour analysis and grammatical problem b)the analytical problem and the literary problem c)the gin and tonic prblem what we understand as intonation in the English language? a)the way we pronounce a vowel b)the way we pronounce a consonant c)Intonation is a complex unity of non-segmental features of speech   what do we consider as the nucleus in a syllble? a) the vowel b) the consonat c) the highest-pitched sound of a word

44. Practical TaSKs Pronounce and Count how many syllables are in a word 13. Cat [ kat ] 14. seamen ˈ siːmən 15. Camelot [ kam-uh-lot ] 16. Apple [ ap-uhl ] 17. humongous hu-mon-gous [ hyu ˈmʌŋ gəs ] 18. pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis/ [ ˈ nu mə noʊˌʌl trəˌmaɪ krəˌskɒp ɪkˈsɪl ɪˌkoʊ vɒlˌkeɪ noʊˌkoʊ niˈoʊ sɪs ] 19. come / kʌm /

45. Practical TaSKs Pronounce and Count how many syllables are in a word 13. Cat [ kat ] 1 syllable 14. seamen ˈsiːmən 2 syllables sea-men 15. Camelot [ kam-uh-lot ] 3 syllablesà Cam-e-lot 16. Apple [ ap-uhl ] 2 syllable 17. humongous hu-mon-gous hyuˈmʌŋ gəs, -ˈmɒŋ- 3 syllables 18. pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis/ ˈnu mə noʊˌʌl trəˌmaɪ krəˌskɒp ɪkˈsɪl ɪˌkoʊ vɒlˌkeɪ noʊˌkoʊ niˈoʊ sɪs, ˈnyu- / pneu-mo-no-ul-tra-mi-cro-scop-ic-sil-i-co-vol-ca-no-co-ni-o-sis 19 syllables 19. come / kʌm / 1syllable