Symptoms of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Symptoms of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

1. Symptoms of CVD Professor Salwa Ibrahim Cairo University

2. Pulmonary congestion

3. Dyspnea Awareness of breathing Normal on exercise May be caused cardiac, respiratory, metabolic conditions, anxiety Cardiac patients develop dyspnea because of fluid accumulation in the alveoli

4. Orthopnoea Dyspnea on lying flat relieved by sitting Lying flat increases venous return to the heart Can be graded by the number of pillows

5. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea Sudden breathlessness which wakes the patient from sleep choking or gasping air Caused by gradual accumulation of alveolar fluid during sleep Patients may sit on the edge of the bed and open windows in an attempt to relieve their distress. Cough with frothy blood stained sputum Chest wheezes

6. Systemic venous congestion

7. LOWER LIMB EDEMA Caused by systemic venous congestion Dependent edema, lower limbs and sacral Bilateral pitting edema

8. Differential diagnosis of bilateral LL edema Congestive heart failure Nephrotic syndrome Liver cirrhosis Renal failure

9. Differential diagnosis of unilateral leg swelling DVT Lymphatic obstruction Cellulitis

10. ABDOMINAL DISTENSION Ascites secondary to systemic venous congestion Occurs before edema in TR

11. Palpitation

12. PALPITATION Awareness of heart beats Change in the rate or the rhythm Check onset, duration, relation to exertion, irregularities Normal during exercise, anxiety, coffee, nicotine

13. Irregularities Atrial extrasystoles Ventricular extrasystoles Atrial fibrillation

14. TACHYCARDIA SINUS TACHYCARDIA VENTRICULAR TACYCARDIA

15. BRADYCARDIA SINUS BRADYCARDIA HEART BLOCK

16. HIGH PULSE VOLUME AORTIC REGUREG THYROTOXICOSIS PREGNACY ANEMIA

17. Chest Pain

18. Angina pectoris Diffuse Dull discomfort felt in the centre of anterior chest Duration less than 10 minutes Tightness, pressure similar to carrying heavy weight May radiate to left arm, jaw and teeth Associated with sweating, palpitation Triggered by exercise, cold weather Relieved by rest, nitroglycerin sublingual

19. Unstable angina Angina of recent onset Increasing severity Angina at rest Is a medical emergency as it precede Myocardial infarction

20. Myocardial infarction Severe chest pain Prolonged duration Not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin Pallor, nausea, vomiting Pain may be absent in 30% particularly in the diabetics and old age

21. Pericarditis Sharp stitching anterior central chest pain Increases by inspiration and movement Decreases by leaning forward

22. Aortic dissection Tear in the intimae of the aortic wall Abrupt severe chest pain (interscapular) radiates to back MI if ascending aorta is involved Syncope and focal neurological defects

23. Gastroesophgeal reflux Retrosternal or epigastric pain Burning sensation Increased on lying down Relieved by antacids

24. Low cardiac output

25. LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT Syncope is a faint with transient loss of consciousness Caused by decrease blood flow to the brain Caused by obstructive lesions (aortic stenosis), rhythm disturbance (heart block) or fast arrhythmia

26. Embolic manifestations

27. EMBOLIC MANIFESTATIONS Stroke TIAs (aphasia, sensory, motor deficits lasting few hours) Atrial fibrillation causes left atrial thrombus with microemboli to cerebral circulation

28. Infective endocarditis

29. Infective endocarditis Fever Weight loss Night sweats History of rheumatic valve disease