System and its types

syestem, its elements, characteristics, properties,

1. SYSTEM AND ITS TYPES By : Nidhi

2. SYSTEM Doing something in a systematic manner to get the meaningful result. System have a specific structure which is defined by its components( entites / subsystem) and process (interrelationships between its components) A system has an environments a system cannot exist in isolation. It exists in an environment. The environment reacts with it. Each subsystem has a purpose. A simple model of system consists of input,process and output. In generalised model of system, a new element is added i.e. storage for storing data and information. Input Storage Process Output

3. Elements of a System Outputs and Inputs The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for its user. Inputs are the information that enters into the system for processing. Output is the outcome of processing.

4. Processor(s) The processor is the element of a system that involves the actual transformation of input into output. It is the operational component of a system. Processors may modify the input either totally or partially, depending on the output specification. As the output specifications change, so does the processing. In some cases, input is also modified to enable the processor for handling the transformation. Control The control element guides the system. It is the decision–making subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing, and output. The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the Operating System and software. In order to keep system in balance, what and how much input is needed is determined by Output Specifications. Feedback Feedback provides the control in a dynamic system. Positive feedback is routine in nature that encourages the performance of the system. Negative feedback is informational in nature that provides the controller with information for action.

5. Characteristics of System 1 . Multiple components A system always contains multiple number of components, i.e. something with only one component cannot be called a system. 2. Relatedness A common purpose relates all that part of a system. Although each part works independently of others, all parts work to serve a common objective. If a particular component does not contribute to the common objective, then it is not a part of the system. 3. Subsystem A system may be a part of a larger system but at the same time it can have any number of its own subsystem. 4. Performs processing A system receives input from the environment. It must process the input and give the desired output. 5. Has objectives each system must have objectives and all the parts of system must work in coordination with each other to fulfill the the objectives.

6. Properties of System Organization structure and order Example: Hierarchical organization in a company. Computer system: organization of various components like input devices, output devices, CPU and storage devices  Interaction Between sub systems or the components  Example: the main memory holds the data that has to be operated by the ALU. Interdependence Component linkage  Component dependence Integration How subsystems are tied together to achieve the system objective Central Objective Should be known in early phases of analysis

7. On the basis of elements ABSTRACT SYSTEM PHYSICAL SYSTEM Abstract system is conceptual or non-physical. It is conceptualization of physical situations. They communicate idea about the working of a physical system. They are made before the development of physical system. This system is an orderly arrangement of interdependent ideas as constructs. Physical system is tangible entities that may be static or dynamic in nature. In static system, there us lack of movement, fixed by designs, out of fashion. In dynamic, computer programme , data application can change according to users need. It is interactive and interesting.

8. On the basis of interactive behavior OPEN SYSTEM CLOSED SYSTEM An open system continually interacts with its environment. It receives input from the outside and delivers output to outside. It is a system that allows for free exchange of information and data between departments and the external information. This system interfaces and interacts with other system. For example - Marketing Closed system is isolated from environment. That means, it doesn’t allow free flow or transfer of data between the organisation and other company. In a closed system, nothing flows in from another system and nothing flows out to another system. This system have a shorter life span as they do not change according to the changes in their environment. For example - Research and development.

9. On the basis of working/output DETERMINISTIC SYATEM PROBABILISTIC SYSTEM A Deterministic system is one in which the occurrence of all events is perfectly predictable. The interactions among its subsystem are known in advance. If we get the description of the system state at a particular point of time, the next state can be easily predicted. This system use past or current data for processing. For example - Computer system Probabilistic system is one in which the occurrence of events cannot be perfectly predicted as certain degree of error is always attached to the prediction of what the system will do. It provides expected output with some probability. For example - wealth forecasting system; admission system in a college is probably in nature.

10. On the basis of human intervention MANUAL SYSTEM AUTOMATED SYSTEM A manual system implies human interaction is needed to operate or react to input. In manual system, data collection, manipulation,maintenance and final reporting are carried out absolutely by human efforts. Automated system implies the machine operates or reacts to inputs on its own. It is the system where data collection,manipulation,maintenance and final reporting are carried out with the use of computer and microprocessors. Computers have enabled to carry out processing which would have been either too difficult or too much time consuming or impossible to do manually.

11. What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987

12. WHY SQL IS REQUIRED? SQL are in high-demand because almost every technical role requires an understanding of SQL. It could be any industry like finance, Accounting, Web development, Digital marketing, etc. SQL can be easily troubleshoot the issues. For example- If there is a syntax error, then the error which is displayed clearly shows what is missing in the command or what is misspelled. It often happens that we wish to combine data from multiple sources, but this can be a time-consuming task. When we use SQL, it makes it very easy to combine data from multiple sources. SQL can access data in a really quick manner. Whenever a user wants to access data he/she can easily access data within seconds. This is due to because data is stored in an organized manner using SQL. SQL helps us to easily get the information from data at high efficiency. with the help of SQL queries, we can view update events, monitor table, database activity and retrieve the information based on the requirement.

13. Advantages No coding needed : It is very easy to manage the database systems without any need to write the substantial amount of code by using the standard SQL. Well defined standards : Long established are used by the SQL databases that is being used by ISO and ANSI. There are no standards adhered by the non-SQL databases. Portability : SQL can be used in the program in PCs, servers, laptops, and even some of the mobile phones. Interactive Language : This domain language can be used for communicating with the databases and receive answers to the complex questions in seconds. Multiple data views : With the help of SQL language, the users can make different views of database structure and databases for the different users.

14. Applications of SQL Data Integration Scripts : The main application of SQL is to write data integration scripts by the  database administrators  and developers. Analytical Queries : The data analysts use structured query language for setting and running analytical queries on a regular basis. Retrieve Information : Another popular application of this language is to retrieve the subsets of information within a database for analytics applications and transaction processing. The most commonly used SQL elements are select, insert, update, add, delete, create, truncate and alter. Other Important Applications : The SQL is used for modification of the index structures and database table. Additionally, the users can add, update and delete the rows of the data by using this language.

15. Features of SQL 1. High Performance SQL provide high performance programming capability for highly transactional, heavy workload and high usage database system. SQL programming gives various ways to describe the data more analytically. 2. High Availability SQL is compatible with databases like MS Access, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL , Oracle Database, SAP HANA, SAP Adaptive Server, etc. All of these  relational database management systems  support SQL and it is easy to create an application extension for procedural programming and various other functions which is additional features thus converting SQL into a powerful tool. 3. Scalability and Flexibility SQL  provide Scalability and Flexibility. It is very easy to create new tables and previously created or not used tables can be dropped or deleted in a database. Robust Transactional Support With SQL programming can handle large records and manage numerous transactions.

16. 4. High Security It is very easy to provide permissions on tables, procedures, and views hence SQL give security to your data. 5. Comprehensive Application Development SQL is used by many programmers to program apps to access a database. No matter what is the size of organization, SQL works for every small or large organization. 6. Management Ease SQL is used in almost every relational database management system. “ Select “, “Create”, “Insert”, “Drop”, “Update”, and “ Delete ” are the standard and common SQL commands that helps us to manage large amount of data from a database very quickly and efficiently. 7. Open Source SQL is an open-source programming language for building relational database management system

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