systemic and pulmonary circulation.pdf

systemic circulation

1. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

2. Systemic Arteries:
•Itresemblesatreetrunkthatcontinuetobranch
andre-branchformingarteriolesandcapillaries.
•Aortaisthemajorarterythatservesasmaintrunk.
Itconsistofascendingaorta,archofaortaand
descendingaorta.
•Thedescendingaortawhenitpassthroughthoracic
cavityandabdominalcavityitiscalledasthoracic
aortaandabdominalaortarespectively.
•Thebranchesofarchoftheaortaisdifferentin
rightandleft.

3. MAJOR
SYSTEMIC
ARTERIES

4. THE AORTA
•The Ascending
aorta:
•Shortsectionof
aorta,5cms–
locatedbehind
thesternum.
•Branchesarethe
RandLCoronary
Arteries.
•Theyariseatthe
leveloftheaortic
valve

5. The Arch of Aorta:
•LiesbehindtheManubriumofthesternum.
Runsupwards,backwardsandtotheleftin
frontofthetrachea.
•3MainBranchesoftheAorticArchdeliver
bloodtoheadandneck:
1.Brachio-cephalicartery
2.Leftcommoncarotidartery
3.Leftsubclavianartery

6. Major branches of arch of aorta

7. •TheBrachiocephalicArtery5cmslong-at
thelevelofthesterno-clavicularjointit
dividesintoBranchestoform:
–Rightsubclavianartery
–Rightcommoncarotidartery
•TheSubclavianArteriesbrancheswithin
thoraciccavity:
–Internalthoracicartery
–Vertebralartery
–Thyro-cervicaltrunk

8. Arteries of the Head and Neck

9. All the blood supply to head and neck arise
from arch of aorta.
Themajorbranchesofarchofaortaare;
1.Brachiocephalicartery(innominate)
a.RightCommonCarotid(rightinternalcarotid
andrightexternalcarotidarteries)
b.RightSubclavian(rightvertebral,rightaxillary
andrightbrachial.)
2.LeftCommoncarotidartery(leftinternalcarotid
andleftexternalcarotid)
3.LeftSubclavianartery(leftvertebral,leftaxillary
andleftbrachial.)

10. The Vertebral Arteries
▪Alsosupplybrainwith
blood
•Leftandrightvertebral
arteries:
–arisefromsubclavian
arteries
–entercraniumthrough
foramenmagnum
–fusetoformbasilar
artery

12. The Common Carotid Arteries
•Carrybloodtoheadandneck(Leftandright
commoncarotidartery)
•AttheupperborderoftheThyroidgland-
commoncarotiddividesinto:
–Externalcarotidartery-SuppliesNeck,
lowerjaw,face.
-Internalcarotidartery-Entersskulland
dividesinto:ophthalmicarteryand
cerebralartery.

14. External Carotid Artery
Itsuppliessuperficialtissuesoftheneckand
face.Branchesare
•Superior thyroid artery
•Ascending pharyngeal artery
•Lingual artery
•Facial artery
•Occipital artery
•Posterior auricular
•Maxillary artery
•Superficial temporal artery

15. Internal carotid artery
•MajorcontributoroftheCircleof
Willis.
•Itentersskullanddividesinto:
ophthalmicarteryandcerebral
artery

16. Internal Carotid Artery

17. The Circulus Arteriosus
TheCircleofWillisisthe
joiningareaofseveral
arteriesatthebottom
(inferior)sideofthebrain.
AttheCircleofWillis,the
internalcarotidarteries
branch intosmaller
arteriesthatsupply
oxygenatedbloodtoover
80%ofthecerebrum.

19. Carotid Body/ Carotid Sinus
•Thecarotidbodyisa
chemoreceptorlocatedinthe
bifurcationofthecommon
carotidarteryandsensesfor
pCO2,andpO2.
•Thecarotidsinusisa
baroreceptorthatsenses
changesinsystemicblood
pressureandislocatedinthe
carotidbulboftheinternal
carotidartery.

20. Veins of the Head and neck
•Venousdrainagefromthefaceisentirely
superficialanditdrainstoexternaljugularveins
whichfurtherjoinstosubclavianvein.
•Venousdrainagefromtheheadandneck
terminateintheinternaljugularveinwhichjoin
thesubclavianveintoformthebrachio-cephalic
vein.
•Twobrachio-cephalicveinsunitetoformsuperior
venacava.

21. Veins of the Head and neck

22. Internal Jugular Vein
➢Theinternaljugularveinreceivesblood
fromthehead&neck.
➢Itdescendsthroughtheneckinthecarotid
sheath&uniteswiththesubclavianveinto
formthebrachiocephalicvein.
➢Themainbranchesofinternaljugularveins
arePharyngealvein,lingualveins,Facial
veinsandveinsoflarynxandthyroid.

23. Internal Jugular Vein

24. External Jugular Vein
➢Itdrainsmainlyscalpandface.
➢Itisformedbytheunionofposterior
divisionoftheretro-mandibularveinwith
theposteriorauricularvein.
➢Itdescendsobliquelysuperficialtothe
sterno-cleidomastoid(musclelateralto
neck)totherootoftheneckandthenit
endsinthesubclavianvein.

25. External Jugular Vein

27. Pulmonary
CIRCULATION

29. The Pulmonary Circuit
•Deoxygenated blood arrives at heart from
systemic circuit:
–passes through right atrium and ventricle
–enters pulmonary trunk
•At the lungs:
–CO
2is removed
–O
2is added
•Oxygenated blood:
–returns to the heart via pulmonary veins and
distributed to systemic circuit

30. Pulmonary Vessels
•Pulmonaryarteries:Carrydeoxygenatedblood
•ThePulmonarytrunkbranchestoleftandright
pulmonaryarteries.
•ThePulmonaryarteriesbranchintopulmonary
arteriolesandfurtherintocapillarynetworks
thatsurroundalveoli.
•Pulmonaryveinscarryoxygenatedbloodtothe
heart.Capillarynetworksaroundalveolijointo
formvenules.Venulesjointoform4pulmonary
veins.Pulmonaryveinsemptyintoleftatrium.

32. MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS
Upper Limb & Thorax
(Descending Aorta in thorax)

33. •TheSubclavianArteriesBranchesinthoracic
cavity:
–internalthoracicarteryormammaryartery.
–vertebralartery
–thyrocervicaltrunk(cervicalartery&thyroid
artery)
•Leavingthethoraciccavity:
–becomeaxillaryarteryinarmandbrachial
arterydistally
–Furtherdividesintoradialarteryandulnar
arteryandthenSuperficialPalmararchis
formed

36. Arteries of the upper limb
•Axillaryartery-itisacontinuationofsubclavian
arteryfromlateralmarginoffirstrib.
•Brachialartery-itiscontinuationoftheaxillary
arteryandsuppliesarm.
•Radialartery-itliesalongtheradialsideof
forearm.Itentersthepalmandsuppliesthumband
radialsideofindexfinger.
•Ulnarartery-itbeginsattheleveloftheneckof
radius.Itrunsdownwardsandreachesthemedial
sideofforearmmidwaybetweentheelbowandthe
wrist.

37. Arteries of the upper limb
Arterial arcs of the palm-
1.Deeppalmerarch-itismainlyformedbyradial
artery,completedbythedeepbranchoftheulnar
artery.
2.Superficialpalmerarch-itismainlyformedbythe
ulnararteryandcompletedbythesuperficial
branchofradialartery.

38. ARTERIES OF THE TRUNK
DescendingAorta–
isdividedby
diaphragm into:
thoracicaortaand
abdominalaorta

39. Arteries of the Thorax
ThoracicAortabranchesareanatomicallygrouped
intovisceralandparietalarteries.
VisceralarteriesSupplyvisceralorgans:
–Twobronchialarteries:bloodsupplyto
bronchialtreeandsurroundinglungtissues.
–Twopericardialarteries:bloodsupplyto
pericardialsac.
–Twoesophagealarteries:Bloodsupplytoall
tissuesofesophagus.
–Twomediastinalarteries:Bloodsupplyto
connectivetissuesinmediastinum

40. Arteries of the Thorax
Parietal arteries:
-Posteriorintercostalarteries:3
rd
to11th
intercoastalspaces
-Subcostalarteries:below12
th
rib
-Superiorphrenicarteries:supplythediaphragm

41. Veins of the Upper Limb
Theveinsoftheupperlimbisdividedintodeep
veinsandsuperficialveins.
1.Deepveins
a.Subclavianveins:skin,musclesbones,shoulder
andneck.
b.Axillaryveins:skin,musclesbones,shoulderand
axilla.
c.Brachialveins:musclesandbonesofelbowand
brachialregions.
d.Ulnarvein:musclesandbonesofmedialaspects
offorearm.
e.Radialvein:musclesandbonesoflateralaspects
offorearm.

42. Veins of the Upper Limb
2.Superficialveins
a.Cephalicveins:superficialaspectsofupper
limb.
b.Basilicvein:skinandsuperficialaspectsof
upperlimb.
c.Medianantebrachialveins:drainfrompalmar
venousplexusandpalmardigitalveins.

43. Veins of the Upper Limb

44. INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
•Intravenousinjectionsprovide the
introductionofthedrugdirectlyintothe
bloodstream.

45. Veins used for IV injection

46. Veins of the Thorax
•Brachiocephalicveins:Itistheunionof
subclavianandinternaljugularveins.This
ultimatelyformssuperiorvenacava.Itdrains
head,neck,upperlimbs,mammaryglandsand
thorax.
•Azygosvein:Itispresentanteriortovertebral
column.Itincludesesophageal,mediastinal,
pericardialandbronchialveins.
•Hemiazygosvein:Presentanteriortovertebral
columnandjoinswithAzygosvein.

48. Major Blood Vessels
Abdominal Aorta
Pelvis
Lower Limb

49. The Abdominal Aorta
•Theabdominalaortabeginsatthelevelof
thediaphragm,crossingitviatheaortic
hiatus.
•Itrunsparalleltotheinferiorvenacava,
whichislocatedjusttotherightofthe
abdominalaorta.
•Itbecomessmallerindiameterasitgives
offbranches.

51. Branches of the Abdominal
Aorta
Theabdominalaortaisbranchedintotwo
categoriessuchas
1.Unpairedbranches
2.Pairedbranches

52. Unpaired Branches
1.Celiacartery:Themajorbranchcalledas
celiactrunk/arteryarisefromabdominalaorta
anteriorlywhichfurtherdividesintothreeas
follows;
❖Leftgastricartery:suppliesstomach
❖Splenicartery:largestbranchofceliactrunk.
Suppliesstomach,spleenandpancreas
❖Commonhepaticartery:Threesubbranches:
properhepaticartery(suppliesliverandgall
bladder),rightgastricartery(supplies
stomach),gastro-duodenalartery(stomach
andduodenum).

53. Cont..
2.Superiormesentericarteries:arteries
pertainingtointestine.Itmainlypossesfive
branches
❖Inferiorpancreatic-duodenalartery:Pancreas
&Duodenum
❖Jejunalartery:Jejunum,ileum
❖Ileocolicartery:ileum,cecum,appendix,
ascendingcolon
❖Rightcolicartery:ascendingcolon,transverse
colon
❖Middlecolicartery:tarnsversecolon

55. Cont..
3.Inferiormesentericarteries:
❖Leftcolicartery:suppliesdescending
colon
❖Sigmoidarteries:suppliessigmoidcolon
❖Superiorrectalarteries:suppliesrectum

57. Cont..
3.Sacralartery:
Sacrum,Coccyx

58. Paired Branches
1.InferiorPhrenicarteries:Diaphragm
2.Suprarenalarteries:suprarenalareassuchas
adrenalglands.
3.Renalarteries:suppliesKidneys
4.Gonadalarteries:testiculararteries(males:
testis,epididymis,ductusdeferens,ureters),
ovarianarteries(female:ovaries,fallopian
tubesandureters)anduterinearteries
(uterus).
5.Lumbararteries:Lumbarvertebrae

60. Arteries of Pelvis and lower
limbs
Theabdominalaortaendsbydividingintoleft
andrightcommoniliacarteries.Itgiverise
twobranchessuchasinternaliliacarteriesand
externaliliacarteries.
1.Internaliliacarteries:itsuppliesallthe
pelvicviscera,buttocks,externalgenitals,
andmusclesofthighs.Infemalesitgiverise
touterineandvaginalarteries.
2.Externaliliacarteries:largerthaninternal
iliacarteries.Itstartsatsacroiliacjointand
passestoformfemoralartery.

61. Arteries of lower limbs.
❖Femoralarteries:continuationofexternal
iliacarteries.Musclesofthigh,femur,
ligamentsandtendonsaroundthekneejoint.
❖Poplitealarteries:continuationoffemoral
arteriespassthroughpoplitealfossa(space
behindkneejoint).Knee,tibia,fibula,skin
andmuscles.
❖Furtheritdividesintoanteriortibialand
posteriortibialarteries.Thisfurtherforms
plantararchandmetatarsalarteries&
plantardigitalarteries.Thedorsalarteriesat
ankleisalsocalledasdorsalispedis.

63. Veins of the Abdomen and
Pelvis
Thevenoussupplyoftheabdomenandpelvis
reachestheheartthroughinferiorvenacava.It
hasthefollowingbranches
1.InferiorPhrenicveins:inferiordiaphragmand
adjacentperitoneum.
2.Hepaticveins:mainlythreebranches:
superiormesentericvein,theinferior
mesentericvein,thesplenicveinandgastric
vein.

64. The Hepatic Portal Circulation
•Thehepaticportalsystemisthevenous
systemthatreturnsbloodfromthedigestivetract
andspleentotheliver(whererawnutrientsin
bloodareprocessedbeforethebloodreturnsto
theheart).
•Itconsistsofthehepaticportalveinandother
veinsthatdrainintothehepaticportalvein,i.e.,
thesuperiormesentericvein,theinferior
mesentericvein,thesplenicveinandgastric
vein.

66. Cont..
•Sincebloodreceivedfromthehepatic
portalveinmaybecontaminatedwith
pathogenssuchasbacteria,theliverisrich
inspecializedimmunecellscalledKupffer
cellsthatdetectanddestroyforeign
organisms.
•Followingprocessing,bloodcollectsinto
thehepaticveinandfinallythrough
inferiorvenacavatotherightatriaofthe
heart.

67. Veins of the Abdomen and
Pelvis
3.Lumbarveins:lumbarvertebrae,spinalcord
4.Suprarenalveins:adrenalglands
5.Renalveins:kidneys.
6.Gonadalveins:testes,ovaries,ureters.
7.Common iliacveins:internal(pelvis,
gluteal,externalgenitalia)andexternal
(lowerlimbs,lowerabdominalwall)

68. The veins of lower limbs
a.Deepveins:Theyarebranchesofexternal
iliacveins.Themainbranchesare;
1.Femoralveins:skin,bonesandmusclesofthe
thigh.
2.Poplitealveins:skin,muscle,andbonesof
thekneejoint.
3.Posteriortibialveins:posteriorandlateral
aspectsofleg.
4.Anteriortibialveins:anterioraspectsofleg
suchasfoot,ankle,tibio-fibularjoint.

69. The veins of lower limbs
b.Superficialveins:
1.GreatSaphenousveins:longestveininthe
body.Itstartsfrommetatarsalveinstogroin
region.Itdrainsbloodfrommusclesoflower
limbs,groinandlowerabdomen.
2.SmallSaphenousvein:Itbeginsfromthe
venousarchofthefootandendsinpopliteal
veins.Posterioraspectsoflegisalsodrained
withthisvein.

70. s