Systems Engineering - System Modeling.ppt
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About This Presentation
Systems Engineering - System Modeling
Slide Content
Nov. 14, 2007
Systems Engineering
SystemSystem
A set or arrangement of things so related as to A set or arrangement of things so related as to
form a unity or organic whole.form a unity or organic whole.
A set of facts, principles, rules, etc., classified and A set of facts, principles, rules, etc., classified and
arranged in an orderly form so as to show a arranged in an orderly form so as to show a
logical plan linking the various parts.logical plan linking the various parts.
A method or plan of classification or arrangement.A method or plan of classification or arrangement.
An established way of doing something; method; An established way of doing something; method;
procedure.procedure.
Systems Engineering
SystemSystem
A set or arrangement of things so related as to A set or arrangement of things so related as to
form a unity or organic whole.form a unity or organic whole.
A set of facts, principles, rules, etc., classified and A set of facts, principles, rules, etc., classified and
arranged in an orderly form so as to show a arranged in an orderly form so as to show a
logical plan linking the various parts.logical plan linking the various parts.
A method or plan of classification or arrangement.A method or plan of classification or arrangement.
An established way of doing something; method; An established way of doing something; method;
procedure.procedure.
Nov. 14, 2007
Definition: A set or arrangement of elements Definition: A set or arrangement of elements
that are organized to accomplish some pre-that are organized to accomplish some pre-
defined goal by processing information.defined goal by processing information.
ElementsElements
SoftwareSoftware
HardwareHardware
PeoplePeople
DatabaseDatabase
DocumentationDocumentation
ProceduresProcedures
Computer-Based Systems
Definition: A set or arrangement of elements Definition: A set or arrangement of elements
that are organized to accomplish some pre-that are organized to accomplish some pre-
defined goal by processing information.defined goal by processing information.
ElementsElements
SoftwareSoftware
HardwareHardware
PeoplePeople
DatabaseDatabase
DocumentationDocumentation
ProceduresProcedures
Computer-Based Systems
Nov. 14, 2007
System of Systems -- Example
System of Systems -- Example
Nov. 14, 2007
The System Engineering
Hierarchy
A hierarchy of views are necessary, for A hierarchy of views are necessary, for
example,example,
World ViewWorld View
Domain ViewDomain View
Element viewElement view
Detailed ViewDetailed View
The System Engineering
Hierarchy
A hierarchy of views are necessary, for A hierarchy of views are necessary, for
example,example,
World ViewWorld View
Domain ViewDomain View
Element viewElement view
Detailed ViewDetailed View
Nov. 14, 2007
Typical Hierarchy
Typical Hierarchy
Nov. 14, 2007
System Modeling
Define the processes that define the needs of Define the processes that define the needs of
the view under considerationthe view under consideration
Represent the behavior of the processes and the Represent the behavior of the processes and the
assumptions on which the behavior is basedassumptions on which the behavior is based
Explicitly define all inputs and outputs to each Explicitly define all inputs and outputs to each
componentcomponent
Define the transformation between inputs and Define the transformation between inputs and
outputs of each componentoutputs of each component
Represent all linkages (interfaces) Represent all linkages (interfaces)
System Modeling
Define the processes that define the needs of Define the processes that define the needs of
the view under considerationthe view under consideration
Represent the behavior of the processes and the Represent the behavior of the processes and the
assumptions on which the behavior is basedassumptions on which the behavior is based
Explicitly define all inputs and outputs to each Explicitly define all inputs and outputs to each
componentcomponent
Define the transformation between inputs and Define the transformation between inputs and
outputs of each componentoutputs of each component
Represent all linkages (interfaces) Represent all linkages (interfaces)
Nov. 14, 2007
Critical Factors
It is absolutely essential that the following It is absolutely essential that the following
be spelled out completely and in detailbe spelled out completely and in detail
AssumptionsAssumptions
SimplificationsSimplifications
LimitationsLimitations
ConstraintsConstraints
PreferencesPreferences
Changes in these is a principal contributor to Changes in these is a principal contributor to
software changesoftware change
Critical Factors
It is absolutely essential that the following It is absolutely essential that the following
be spelled out completely and in detailbe spelled out completely and in detail
AssumptionsAssumptions
SimplificationsSimplifications
LimitationsLimitations
ConstraintsConstraints
PreferencesPreferences
Changes in these is a principal contributor to Changes in these is a principal contributor to
software changesoftware change
Nov. 14, 2007
Business Process Engineering
The The system engineering processsystem engineering process is called is called
business process engineeringbusiness process engineering when the when the
context of the engineering work focuses on context of the engineering work focuses on
a business enterprise.a business enterprise.
The goal of businees process engineering The goal of businees process engineering
(BPE) is to define architectures that will (BPE) is to define architectures that will
enable a business to use information enable a business to use information
effectively.effectively.
Business Process Engineering
The The system engineering processsystem engineering process is called is called
business process engineeringbusiness process engineering when the when the
context of the engineering work focuses on context of the engineering work focuses on
a business enterprise.a business enterprise.
The goal of businees process engineering The goal of businees process engineering
(BPE) is to define architectures that will (BPE) is to define architectures that will
enable a business to use information enable a business to use information
effectively.effectively.
Nov. 14, 2007
Business Process Engineering
Architecture -- another overused wordArchitecture -- another overused word
A set of component types together with a set of A set of component types together with a set of
principles and guidelines for their interconnection.principles and guidelines for their interconnection.
Also used to refer to the structure of Also used to refer to the structure of aa system. system.
One classification of architecturesOne classification of architectures
data architecturedata architecture
applications architectureapplications architecture
technology infrastructuretechnology infrastructure
Business Process Engineering
Architecture -- another overused wordArchitecture -- another overused word
A set of component types together with a set of A set of component types together with a set of
principles and guidelines for their interconnection.principles and guidelines for their interconnection.
Also used to refer to the structure of Also used to refer to the structure of aa system. system.
One classification of architecturesOne classification of architectures
data architecturedata architecture
applications architectureapplications architecture
technology infrastructuretechnology infrastructure
Nov. 14, 2007
Information Strategy Planning
Define strategic business objectives and goalsDefine strategic business objectives and goals
Isolate the critical success factors that will Isolate the critical success factors that will
enable the business to achieve goalsenable the business to achieve goals
Analyze the impact of technology and Analyze the impact of technology and
automation on goals and objectivesautomation on goals and objectives
Analyze existing information to determine its Analyze existing information to determine its
role in achieving goals and objectivesrole in achieving goals and objectives
Create a business-level data modelCreate a business-level data model
Information Strategy Planning
Define strategic business objectives and goalsDefine strategic business objectives and goals
Isolate the critical success factors that will Isolate the critical success factors that will
enable the business to achieve goalsenable the business to achieve goals
Analyze the impact of technology and Analyze the impact of technology and
automation on goals and objectivesautomation on goals and objectives
Analyze existing information to determine its Analyze existing information to determine its
role in achieving goals and objectivesrole in achieving goals and objectives
Create a business-level data modelCreate a business-level data model
Nov. 14, 2007
Information Strategy Planning
Enterprise Modeling -- a 3-D viewEnterprise Modeling -- a 3-D view
Organizational structures and functionsOrganizational structures and functions
Decomposes business functions to isolate Decomposes business functions to isolate
processes that make function happenprocesses that make function happen
Relate objectives, goals, and CSFs to the Relate objectives, goals, and CSFs to the
organization and its functionsorganization and its functions
It is increasingly important that the various It is increasingly important that the various
functions be interoperablefunctions be interoperable
Information Strategy Planning
Enterprise Modeling -- a 3-D viewEnterprise Modeling -- a 3-D view
Organizational structures and functionsOrganizational structures and functions
Decomposes business functions to isolate Decomposes business functions to isolate
processes that make function happenprocesses that make function happen
Relate objectives, goals, and CSFs to the Relate objectives, goals, and CSFs to the
organization and its functionsorganization and its functions
It is increasingly important that the various It is increasingly important that the various
functions be interoperablefunctions be interoperable
Nov. 14, 2007
Typical Organizational Chart
Typical Organizational Chart
Nov. 14, 2007
Information Strategy Planning
Business-Level Data ModelingBusiness-Level Data Modeling
focuses on the data objects required to achieve focuses on the data objects required to achieve
the business functionsthe business functions
identifies relationships between customers, identifies relationships between customers,
products, salespersons, etc.products, salespersons, etc.
Culmination - a series of cross reference Culmination - a series of cross reference
matrices that establish the relationship matrices that establish the relationship
between the organization, business between the organization, business
objectives and goals, business functions, objectives and goals, business functions,
and data objects.and data objects.
Information Strategy Planning
Business-Level Data ModelingBusiness-Level Data Modeling
focuses on the data objects required to achieve focuses on the data objects required to achieve
the business functionsthe business functions
identifies relationships between customers, identifies relationships between customers,
products, salespersons, etc.products, salespersons, etc.
Culmination - a series of cross reference Culmination - a series of cross reference
matrices that establish the relationship matrices that establish the relationship
between the organization, business between the organization, business
objectives and goals, business functions, objectives and goals, business functions,
and data objects.and data objects.
Nov. 14, 2007
Typical Relationship Among
Objects
Typical Relationship Among
Objects
Nov. 14, 2007
Business Area Analysis
Establishes a detailed framework for building Establishes a detailed framework for building
an information-based enterprisean information-based enterprise
ModelsModels
data modelsdata models
process flow modelsprocess flow models
process decomposition diagramsprocess decomposition diagrams
cross-reference matricescross-reference matrices
Domain ViewDomain View
Business Area Analysis
Establishes a detailed framework for building Establishes a detailed framework for building
an information-based enterprisean information-based enterprise
ModelsModels
data modelsdata models
process flow modelsprocess flow models
process decomposition diagramsprocess decomposition diagrams
cross-reference matricescross-reference matrices
Domain ViewDomain View
Nov. 14, 2007
Business Area Analysis
Data ModelingData Modeling
Identify data object types (or classes)Identify data object types (or classes)
Determine essential attributesDetermine essential attributes
Determine other objects with which the object Determine other objects with which the object
has relationshas relations
Determine operations which will need to be Determine operations which will need to be
performed on the objectperformed on the object
Business Area Analysis
Data ModelingData Modeling
Identify data object types (or classes)Identify data object types (or classes)
Determine essential attributesDetermine essential attributes
Determine other objects with which the object Determine other objects with which the object
has relationshas relations
Determine operations which will need to be Determine operations which will need to be
performed on the objectperformed on the object
Nov. 14, 2007
Business Area Analysis
Process Modeling - describes the business Process Modeling - describes the business
functions within a business areafunctions within a business area
Information Flow Modeling - integrates Information Flow Modeling - integrates
process and data models to show how process and data models to show how
information flows through a business areainformation flows through a business area
Business Area Analysis
Process Modeling - describes the business Process Modeling - describes the business
functions within a business areafunctions within a business area
Information Flow Modeling - integrates Information Flow Modeling - integrates
process and data models to show how process and data models to show how
information flows through a business areainformation flows through a business area
Nov. 14, 2007
Typical Process Flow Model
Typical Process Flow Model
Nov. 14, 2007
With Information Flow
With Information Flow
Nov. 14, 2007
Product Engineering
The The system engineering processsystem engineering process is called is called
product engineeringproduct engineering when a product (in this when a product (in this
context, a product includes everything from context, a product includes everything from
a wireless telephone to an air traffic control a wireless telephone to an air traffic control
system) is to be built.system) is to be built.
The goal of product engineering is to The goal of product engineering is to
translate the customer’s desire for a set of translate the customer’s desire for a set of
defined capabilities into a working product.defined capabilities into a working product.
Product Engineering
The The system engineering processsystem engineering process is called is called
product engineeringproduct engineering when a product (in this when a product (in this
context, a product includes everything from context, a product includes everything from
a wireless telephone to an air traffic control a wireless telephone to an air traffic control
system) is to be built.system) is to be built.
The goal of product engineering is to The goal of product engineering is to
translate the customer’s desire for a set of translate the customer’s desire for a set of
defined capabilities into a working product.defined capabilities into a working product.
Nov. 14, 2007
Product Engineering
The architecture encompasses four components (software, The architecture encompasses four components (software,
hardware, people, data).hardware, people, data).
Develop support infrastructureDevelop support infrastructure that includes the technology to tie that includes the technology to tie
the components together and the information that is used to the components together and the information that is used to
support the components.support the components.
Determine requirements from customerDetermine requirements from customer
Systems analysisSystems analysis
allocate functions and behaviors (allocate functions and behaviors (to each componentsto each components))
determine interfacesdetermine interfaces
Component engineeringComponent engineering (SE, HW Eng., DB E., Human E) (SE, HW Eng., DB E., Human E)
Element & Detailed viewsElement & Detailed views
Analysis & design modelingAnalysis & design modeling
Construction & integrationConstruction & integration
Product Engineering
The architecture encompasses four components (software, The architecture encompasses four components (software,
hardware, people, data).hardware, people, data).
Develop support infrastructureDevelop support infrastructure that includes the technology to tie that includes the technology to tie
the components together and the information that is used to the components together and the information that is used to
support the components.support the components.
Determine requirements from customerDetermine requirements from customer
Systems analysisSystems analysis
allocate functions and behaviors (allocate functions and behaviors (to each componentsto each components))
determine interfacesdetermine interfaces
Component engineeringComponent engineering (SE, HW Eng., DB E., Human E) (SE, HW Eng., DB E., Human E)
Element & Detailed viewsElement & Detailed views
Analysis & design modelingAnalysis & design modeling
Construction & integrationConstruction & integration
Nov. 14, 2007
A Diagrammatic View
A Diagrammatic View
Nov. 14, 2007
Product Engineering
Problem solving activity where desired Problem solving activity where desired
product data, function, and behavior are product data, function, and behavior are
analyzed and allocated to individual analyzed and allocated to individual
componentscomponents
Major activitiesMajor activities
Support infrastructureSupport infrastructure
Bound function, performance, constraints, and Bound function, performance, constraints, and
interfacesinterfaces
Develop alternative allocationsDevelop alternative allocations
Product Engineering
Problem solving activity where desired Problem solving activity where desired
product data, function, and behavior are product data, function, and behavior are
analyzed and allocated to individual analyzed and allocated to individual
componentscomponents
Major activitiesMajor activities
Support infrastructureSupport infrastructure
Bound function, performance, constraints, and Bound function, performance, constraints, and
interfacesinterfaces
Develop alternative allocationsDevelop alternative allocations
Nov. 14, 2007
Product Engineering
Trade-off CriteriaTrade-off Criteria
Project ConsiderationsProject Considerations
Business ConsiderationsBusiness Considerations
Technical AnalysisTechnical Analysis
Manufacturing EvaluationManufacturing Evaluation
Human IssuesHuman Issues
Environmental InterfacesEnvironmental Interfaces
Legal ConsiderationsLegal Considerations
Product Engineering
Trade-off CriteriaTrade-off Criteria
Project ConsiderationsProject Considerations
Business ConsiderationsBusiness Considerations
Technical AnalysisTechnical Analysis
Manufacturing EvaluationManufacturing Evaluation
Human IssuesHuman Issues
Environmental InterfacesEnvironmental Interfaces
Legal ConsiderationsLegal Considerations
Nov. 14, 2007
Requirement Engineering
The outcome of the system engineering The outcome of the system engineering
process is the specification of a computer process is the specification of a computer
based system at different levels.based system at different levels.
““How can we ensure that we have specified How can we ensure that we have specified
a system that properly meets customer’s a system that properly meets customer’s
needs and expectations?”needs and expectations?”
Solid Solid requirement engineeringrequirement engineering is the is the
answer.answer.
Requirement Engineering
The outcome of the system engineering The outcome of the system engineering
process is the specification of a computer process is the specification of a computer
based system at different levels.based system at different levels.
““How can we ensure that we have specified How can we ensure that we have specified
a system that properly meets customer’s a system that properly meets customer’s
needs and expectations?”needs and expectations?”
Solid Solid requirement engineeringrequirement engineering is the is the
answer.answer.
Nov. 14, 2007
Requirement Engineering
Requirement engineering process can be described Requirement engineering process can be described
in 5 steps:in 5 steps:
Requirement elicitationRequirement elicitation
Requirement analysis and negotiationRequirement analysis and negotiation
Requirement specificationRequirement specification
System modelingSystem modeling
Requirement validationRequirement validation
Requirement managementRequirement management
Requirement Engineering
Requirement engineering process can be described Requirement engineering process can be described
in 5 steps:in 5 steps:
Requirement elicitationRequirement elicitation
Requirement analysis and negotiationRequirement analysis and negotiation
Requirement specificationRequirement specification
System modelingSystem modeling
Requirement validationRequirement validation
Requirement managementRequirement management
Nov. 14, 2007
System Modeling
System modelSystem model template - user interface, template - user interface,
input, system function and control, output, input, system function and control, output,
maintenance and self-testmaintenance and self-test
SystemSystem context diagram - establishes the context diagram - establishes the
information boundary between the system information boundary between the system
being implemented and the environment in being implemented and the environment in
which it is to operatewhich it is to operate
Architectural flow diagram - shows how Architectural flow diagram - shows how
information flows between subsystemsinformation flows between subsystems
System Modeling
System modelSystem model template - user interface, template - user interface,
input, system function and control, output, input, system function and control, output,
maintenance and self-testmaintenance and self-test
SystemSystem context diagram - establishes the context diagram - establishes the
information boundary between the system information boundary between the system
being implemented and the environment in being implemented and the environment in
which it is to operatewhich it is to operate
Architectural flow diagram - shows how Architectural flow diagram - shows how
information flows between subsystemsinformation flows between subsystems
Nov. 14, 2007
System Model Template
System Model Template
Nov. 14, 2007
CLSS Example
CLSS Example
Nov. 14, 2007
Expanded Example
Expanded Example
Nov. 14, 2007
Building a Hierarchy
Building a Hierarchy
Nov. 14, 2007
System Specification
Document that serves as a foundation for Document that serves as a foundation for
hardware engineering, software engineering, hardware engineering, software engineering,
data base engineering, and human engineeringdata base engineering, and human engineering
Describes function and performance of Describes function and performance of
computer-based system as well as constraintscomputer-based system as well as constraints
An essential element required for systems An essential element required for systems
engineeringengineering
System Specification
Document that serves as a foundation for Document that serves as a foundation for
hardware engineering, software engineering, hardware engineering, software engineering,
data base engineering, and human engineeringdata base engineering, and human engineering
Describes function and performance of Describes function and performance of
computer-based system as well as constraintscomputer-based system as well as constraints
An essential element required for systems An essential element required for systems
engineeringengineering
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