Systems of Earth and Key terms in Disaster Management

Systems of Earth and Definition and Meaning of Key Terms

1. MODULE 1

2. •Systemsofearth
•Lithosphere-composition,rocks,soils
•Atmosphere-layers,ozonelayer,greenhouseeffect,
weather,cyclones,atmosphericcirculations,Indian
Monsoon
•Hydrosphere-Oceans,inlandwaterbodies
•Biosphere
•DefinitionandmeaningofkeytermsinDisasterRisk
ReductionandManagement
•Risk •Risk resilience•Disaster
preparedness
•Damage
assessment
•Risk
assessment
•Disaster risk
reduction
•Disaster prevention•Crisis counselling
•Risk mapping•Disaster risk
management
•Disaster mitigation•Needs
assessment
•Risk capacity•Early warning
systems
•Disaster response
•Disaster •Hazard •Exposure •Vulnerability

3. EARTH AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS
•Lithosphere
•Atmosphere
•Hydrosphere
•Biosphere

4. ATMOSPHERE
An atmosphere is a layer of gases
that envelope a planet and held in
place by the action of gravity by the
planetary body

5. Chemical composition of atmosphere
•Theatmosphereconsistsofamixtureofgasescomposed
primarilyofnitrogen,oxygen,carbondioxide,watervapour
andsomeothergases
❖Nitrogen -78.084 %
❖Oxygen -20.946 %
❖Argon -0.934%
❖Carbon dioxide -0.033%
❖Others (Ne, Kr, Xe, Ra) -0.003%

6. Atmosphere
•Thetroposphere(0-
10km)constitutesthe
climatesystemthat
maintains the
conditionssuitablefor
lifeontheplanet's
surface.
•The mesosphere
exosphere, and
thermosphere are
zonesofdiffuse
atmospheric
componentsinthefar
reaches ofthe
atmosphere.
Thestratosphere(10
to50km),contains
ozonethatprotects
lifeontheplanetby
filtering harmful
ultravioletradiation
fromtheSun.

7. Atmosphere
•Exosphere
•Thermosphere
•Mesosphere
•Stratosphere
•Troposphere

8. Troposphere
•Lowestportionofearth’satmosphere
•75%oftheentireatmospheremass
-WaterVapor
-Aerosols
•0km–10kmDepth~11km
•WarmernearestearthColderthefurtherwego
•Importantcharacterisoccurrenceofstrong
turbulenceandthoroughmixingofgasesinthis
layer.
•Responsibleformostoftheweatherformingor
meteorologicalprocessesontheearth.

9. STRATOSPHERE
•Secondlayerofearth’satmosphere
•10km–50kmDepth~40km
•ColdernearertheearthsurfaceWarmerthe
furtherintotheatmosphere
•Energyistransferredviaheatabsorptionby
theozonelayer.
•Heatingcausedbyconductionfromabove
andconvectionfrombelow.
•ThestratospherecouldbecalledtheEarth’s
’sun‐glasses’.
•Thisiswheremostoftheultravioletsolar
radiation,whichisharmfulformanandall
livingorganisms,isfilteredout.
•Thisismainlyachievedbyozone,amolecule
consistingofthreeoxygenatoms.
•About90%ofthetotalquantityofozoneisto
befoundinthestratosphere.

10. MESOSPHERE
•Middle layer of earth’s atmosphere
•50 km –80 km Depth~ 40 km
•It is characterized with a steep fall in
temperature that may go to as low
levels as -100
o
C at the upper limit of
mesosphere

11. THERMOSPHERE
•Fourthlayerofearth’satmosphere
•80km–500kmDepth~420km
•TheIonosphereisaspecialzonerecognisedwithinthe
atmosphere.
•Atmosphericgasesattheseheightsabsorbagreatpartofsolar
radiationcomingtotheearth.
•Inthisprocess,thesegasesbreakupintoionsorelectrically
chargedparticles.
•Asaresult,thispartofatmosphereismadeupentirelyofions
andhencedesignatedasIonosphere.
•Scientistshavetakendueadvantageoftheexistenceofthe
ionosphere.
•Ithasprovedaboonforthelongdistanceradiocommunication
byvirtueofitspropertyofreflectingradiowaves.

12. EXOSPHERE
•Outer layer of the atmosphere
•Region of atmosphere beyond 700km
•Low density and higher temperature region
•Only layer of atmosphere where gases can
escape
•Main gases found here:
-Hydrogen
-Helium
-Carbon Dioxide

13. The GREENHOUSE EFFECT is a natural process that
warms the Earth’s surface.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

14. TheenergyoftheSunisemittedasheatradiations.
Someoftheradiationssuchasnearinfraredraysarepenetrated&
someheatradiationswithlongerwavelengthareabsorbed&
retainedbyearth’ssurface.
Someofthisabsorbedheatisthereradiatedbytheheatedearth.
Thetemperatureoftheearth’ssurfaceisdeterminedbytheenergy
balancebetweentheheatenergyreachingtheearth’ssurfaceand
heatenergythatisradiatedbackintothespace.
Fossilfuelbasedindustrialisation&man’sdegenerativelife-style
basedonoverexploitationofresourceslikecoal,oil&gases
resultsinunprecedentedriseintheconcentrationofgreenhouse
gaseslikecarbondioxide,methane,CFCs,ozone&watervapour.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

15. •Thesegreenhousegasesinthelowerlevelsoftheatmosphere
willactliketheglassofagreenhouse.
•Likeglass,theyaretransparenttothenearinfraredraysof
shortwavelengthbutareopaquetotheheatradiatedbythe
heatedearthoflongerwavelengthandtrapthem.
•Bynotlettingthesolarraystoescapeintotheouterspace,
greenhousegasesaddtotheheatthatisalreadypresenton
theearth’ssurface.
•Thisresultsinanincreaseintemperatureandcommonlyknown
asgreenhouseeffect.Andonalargescale,thiseffectisknown
asGlobalwarming.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

16. Theyposethefollowingthreats
1.Riseintheglobaltemperaturewillresultinmeltingofice
massesintheArticandAntarcticaregions,resultingin
risingofthesealevel.
2.Withtheconsequencetherewouldbesubmergenceof
manylowlyingcoastalareas.
3.Floodingofthecoastalareaswillcausemassivesoil
erosionandsiltation,contaminationofwaterandwater
bornediseases.
4.Intemperateregions,thesummerswillbelongerand
hotterwhereasthewinterswillbeshorterandwarmer.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

17. 5.Thealreadydrysub-tropicalregionsmaybecomedrierand
thetropicalregionsmaybecomewetter.
6.Desertification,droughtandfaminewouldleadtomigrationof
populationandnewurbanisation.
7.Duetoincreasedconcentrationofcarbondioxidethegrowth
andyieldofplantswillincreaseresultinginrapiddepletionof
nutrientsfromthesoil.
8.Disruptionoftheecosystembyincreaseinrainfall(9-10%)
alteredcroppatternsandadverseeffectonfloraandfauna.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

18. •Someothermajoreffectsare,theextrawatervapourwhichis
presentintheatmospherefallsagainasrainwhichleadstofloods
invariousregionsoftheworld.
•Whentheweatherturnswarmer,evaporationprocessfromboth
landandsearises.
•Thisleadstodroughtintheregionswhereincreasedevaporation
processisnotcompensatedbyincreasedprecipitation.
•Insomeareasoftheworld,thiswillresultincropfailureandfamine
particularlyinareaswherethetemperaturesarealreadyhigh.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

19. •Theextrawatervapourcontentintheatmospherewillfallagain
asextrarainhencecausingflood.
•Towns&villageswhicharedependentonthemeltingwater
fromsnowymountainsmaysufferdrought&scarcityofwater
supply.
•Globalwarmingcanseverelyaffectthehealthoflivingbeings.
•Excessheatcancausestresswhichmayleadtoblood
pressureandheartdiseases.
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

20. •Cropfailuresandfamines,whichareadirectconsequenceof
heatingupofearth,cancauseadeclineinhumanbody
resistancetovirusesandinfections.
•Globalwarmingmayalsotransfervariousdiseasestoother
regionsaspeoplewillshiftfromregionsofhighertemperatures
toregionsofcomparativelylowertemperatures.
•Warmeroceansandothersurfacewatersmayleadtosevere
choleraoutbreaksandharmfulinfectionsinsometypesofsea
food
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

21. Duetotheincreasinguseof
fossilfuels,burningofforest
landstoincreaseagricultural
production, decayingof
agriculturalproductsandother
human activities,the
concentrationofgreenhouse
gasesintheatmospherehas
beenincreasing,resultinginan
‘enhancedgreenhouseeffect’
whichisoftenreferredtoas
globalwarming.
GLOBAL WARMING

22. •Themajorcauseofglobalwarmingisthegreenhousegases.
•Theyincludecarbondioxide,methane,nitrousoxidesandin
somecaseschlorineandbrominecontainingcompounds.
•Thebuild‐upofthesegasesintheatmospherechangesthe
radiativeequilibriumintheatmosphere.
•TheiroveralleffectistowarmtheEarth’ssurfaceandthelower
atmospherebecausegreenhousegasesabsorbsomeofthe
outgoingradiationofEarthandre‐radiateitbacktowardsthe
surface.
•Thesecondmajorcauseofglobalwarmingisthedepletionof
ozonelayer.
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

23. •Thishappensmainlyduetothepresenceofchlorine‐containing
sourcegases.
•Whenultravioletlightispresent,thesegasesdissociate
releasingchlorineatomswhichthencatalysesozone
destruction.
•Aerosolspresentintheatmospherearealsocausingglobal
warmingbychangingtheclimateintwodifferentways.
•Firstly,theyscatterandabsorbsolarandinfraredradiationand
secondly,theymayalterthemicrophysicalandchemical
propertiesofcloudsandperhapsaffecttheirlifetimeandextent.
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

24. CARBONDIOXIDE
CARBONDIOXIDE(CO
2)
isnaturallyproducedwhen
people andanimals
breathe.
PlantstakeinanduseCO
2
toproducetheirownfood.
Itisalsoreturnedtotheair
asaproductofcombustion
anddecomposition.

25. METHANE
METHANE (CH
4) is
emittedbynaturalsources
suchaswetlands,aswell
ashumanactivitiessuch
asleakagefromnatural
gassystemsandthe
raisingoflivestock.

26. CLOROFLUOROC ARBONS
CFC’sareanthropogenic
compoundsthathavebeen
releasedintotheatmosphere
since1930s invarious
applicationssuchasinair-
conditioning,refrigeration,
blowingagentsinfoams,
insulationsand packing
materials,propellantsin
aerosolcansandassolvents.

27. WATERVAPOR
WATERVAPORisthe
gaseousphaseofwater.It
isonestateofwaterwithin
thehydrosphere.
Water vaporcanbe
produced from the
evaporationorboilingof
liquidwaterorfrom
sublimationofice.

28. NITROUSOXIDE
•NITROUS OXIDES is naturally
present in the atmosphere as
part of the nitrogen cycle and
has a variety of natural sources.
•However, human activities such
as agriculture, fossil fuel
combustion, waste water
management and industrial
processes are increasing the
amount of nitrous oxide in the
atmosphere

29. BIOSPHERE
The biosphereis the “life zone”of
the Earth, and includes all living
organisms (including humans), and all
organic matter that has not yet
decomposed.

30. THE BIOSPHERE
•Thebiosphereisstructuredintoahierarchyknownasthefood
chain(alllifeisdependantonthefirsttier–mainlytheprimary
producersthatarecapableofphotosynthesis).
•Energyandmassistransferredfromonelevelofthefoodchain
tothenext.

31. HYDROSPHERE
Thehydrospherecontainsallthewater
foundonourplanet.
•Waterfoundonthesurfaceofourplanet
includestheoceanaswellaswaterfrom
lakesandrivers,streams,andcreeks.
•Waterfoundunderthesurfaceofour
planetincludeswatertrappedinthesoiland
groundwater.
•Waterfoundinouratmosphereincludes
watervapor.
•Frozenwateronourplanetincludesice
capsandglaciers.
•Onlyabout3%ofthewateronEarthis
“fresh”water,andabout70%ofthefresh
waterisfrozenintheformofglacialice.

32. Subcomponents of hydrosphere are connected via the hydrologic
cycle

33. LITHOSPHERE
•TheEarth'sinternalstructureissubdividedintocrust,mantle
andcoreandwasformedveryearlyduringitsdevelopment.
•ComparedtotheEarthradius,thecrustisextremelythin,only
4to7kmundertheoceansandabout100kmunderthe
continents.
•Atthemid‐oceanridges,whichcanbedescribedasaseriesof
activemagmachambers

34. THE CRUST
•TheCrust-Uppermostshellofearth
❑PhysicalProperties:
✓Outermostlayer
✓Thinnestlayer(5-70kmthick)
✓Wherewelive
✓Touchestheatmosphere
❑Composition:
✓Consistsoflooserocks&soil

35. THE MANTLE
•Second concentric shell of the Earth
•Lies beneath the crust, makes upto 84% of earth’s volume
•Extends up to a depth 2900 km
•Nature of mantle is incompletely understood
•Sub‐divided into : Upper (Depth 100 –900 km) & Lower mantle
(Depth 900 –2900 km)
•Consists of molten rock and magma
•Rich in iron and Magnesium but poor in Silica

36. THE CORE
•Innermost concentric shell of the Earth
•Sub‐divided into : Outer Core & Inner Core
•Consists of Iron and Nickel

37. DISASTER
•Disasterisaneventorseriesofevents,whichgivesriseto
casualties&damageorlossofproperties,infrastructures,
environment,essentialservicesormeansoflivelihoodonsucha
scalewhichisbeyondthenormalcapacityoftheaffected
communitytocopewith.
•Disasterisaresultfromthecombinationofhazard,vulnerability&
insufficientcapacityormeasurestoreducethepotentialchancesof
risk.
•Adisasterhappenswhenahazardimpactsonthevulnerable
populationandcausesdamage,casualtiesanddisruption.
Foreg:
•Earthquakeinanuninhabiteddesertcannotbeconsidereda
disaster,nomatterhowstrongtheintensitiesproduced.
•Anearthquakeisdisastrousonlywhenitaffectspeople,their
properties&activities.
•Thus,disasteroccursonlywhenhazardsandvulnerabilitymeet.

38. HAZARD
•Hazardmaybedefinedas“adangerousconditionoreventthat
threatorhavethepotentialforcausinginjurytolifeordamageto
propertyortheenvironment.
•Naturalhazardsarehazardswhicharecausedbecauseof
naturalphenomena(hazardswithmeteorological,geologicalor
evenbiologicalorigin).
•Examplesofnaturalhazardsarecyclones,tsunamis,earthquake
andvolcaniceruptionwhichareexclusivelyofnaturalorigin.
•Landslides,floods,drought,firesaresocio‐naturalhazardssince
theircausesarebothnaturalandmanmade.
•Manmadehazardsarehazardswhichareduetohuman
negligence.Manmadehazardsareassociatedwithindustriesor
energygenerationfacilitiesandincludeexplosions,leakageof
toxicwaste,pollution,damfailure,warsorcivilstrifeetc.

39. 1.GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
•Earthquakes -Liquefaction (soils), Tsunamis.
•Volcanic Eruptions -Lava Flows, Ash Fall, Lahars.
•Landslides -Rock Falls or Slides, Debris Flows, Mud Flows.
•Floods -Inundation, Erosion.
•Sand Blasting (Windblown)
2. METEREOLOGICAL HAZARDS
•Tropical cyclones such as hurricanes, typhoons, & cyclones
•Monsoons
•Tornadoes
•Waterspouts
•Ice storms
•Severe winter storms
•Hailstorms
•Frost

40. 3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
•Malaria, Dengue fever.
•Meningitis, influenza.
•Pest infestations.
•Zoonoses -HIV, H5N1 virus (Bird flu), H1N1 (Swine Flu), the
plague, Anthrax, Cholera, Leptospirosis.
•Medical wastes -Used needles, medication that has expired
etc.

41. VULNERABILITY
Vulnerabilityisdefinedastheextenttowhichacommunity,
structure,service,orgeographicareaislikelytobedamagedor
disruptedbytheimpactofaparticularhazard,onaccountoftheir
nature,constructionandproximitytohazardousterrainora
disasterpronearea.
Therearemanyaspectsofvulnerability,arisingfromvarious
physical,social,economic,andenvironmentalfactors.Examples
mayinclude:
•poor design and construction of buildings,
•inadequate protection of assets,
•lack of public information and awareness,
•limited official recognition of risks and preparedness measures,
and
•disregard for wise environmental management.

42. TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
1.PhysicalVulnerability:
•Itincludesnotionsofwhoandwhatmaybedamagedor
destroyedbynaturalhazardsuchasearthquakesorfloods.
•Itisbasedonthephysicalconditionofpeopleandelements
atrisk,suchasbuildings,infrastructureetc;andtheir
proximity,locationandnatureofthehazard.
•Italsorelatestothetechnicalcapabilityofbuildingand
structurestoresisttheforcesactinguponthemduringa
hazardevent.Itmaybedeterminedbyaspectssuchas
populationdensitylevels,remotenessofasettlement,the
site,designandmaterialsusedforinfrastructureand
forhousing.
•Example:Woodenhomesarelesslikelytocollapseinan
earthquake,butaremorevulnerabletofire.

43. TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
2. Social Vulnerability:
•SocialVulnerabilityreferstotheinabilityofpeople,organizations
andsocietiestowithstandadverseimpactstohazardsdueto
characteristicsinherentinsocialinteractions,institutionsand
systemsofculturalvalues.
•Itislinkedtothelevelofwellbeingofindividuals,communitiesand
society.
•Itincludesaspectsrelatedtolevelsofliteracyandeducation,the
existenceofpeaceandsecurity,accesstobasichumanrights,
systemsofgoodgovernance,socialequity,positivetraditional
values,customsandideologicalbeliefs.
•Example:Whenfloodingoccurssomecitizens,suchaschildren,
elderlyanddifferently-able,maybeunabletoprotectthemselvesor
evacuateifnecessary

44. 3. Economic Vulnerability:
•Thelevelofvulnerabilityishighlydependentupontheeconomic
statusofindividuals,communitiesandnations.
•Thepoorareusuallymorevulnerabletodisastersbecausethey
lacktheresourcestobuildsturdystructuresandputother
engineeringmeasuresinplacetoprotectthemselvesfrombeing
negativelyimpactedbydisasters.
•Example:Poorerfamiliesmayliveinsquattersettlementsbecause
theycannotaffordtoliveinsafer(moreexpensive)areas.
4. Environmental Vulnerability:
•Naturalresourcedepletionandresourcedegradationarekey
aspectsofenvironmentalvulnerability.
•Example:WetlandsandSwampsaresensitivetoincreasing
salinityfromseawater,andpollutionfromstormwaterrunoff
containingagriculturalchemicals,erodedsoils,etc.
TYPES OF VULNERABILITY

45. CAPACITY
•Capacitycanbedefinedas“resources,meansandstrengths
whichexistinhouseholdsandcommunitiesandwhichenable
themtocopewith,withstand,preparefor,prevent,mitigateor
quicklyrecoverfromadisaster”.
a)Physical Capacity
•Peoplewhosehouseshavebeendestroyedbythecycloneor
cropshavebeendestroyedbythefloodcansalvagethingsfrom
theirhomesandfromtheirfarms.
•Somefamilymembershaveskills,whichenablethemtofind
employmentiftheymigrate,eithertemporarilyorpermanently.
b)Socio‐economicCapacity
•Richpeoplehavethecapacitytorecoversoonbecauseoftheir
wealth.
•Infact,theyareseldomhitbydisastersbecausetheyliveinsafe
areasandtheirhousesarebuiltwithstrongermaterials.
•However,evenwheneverythingisdestroyedtheyhavethe
capacitytocopeupwithit.

46. •Hazardsarealwaysprevalent,butthehazardbecomesa
disasteronlywhenthereisgreatervulnerabilityandlessof
capacitytocopewithit.
•Inotherwordsthefrequencyorlikelihoodofahazardand
thevulnerabilityofthecommunityincreasestheriskofbeing
severelyaffected.
CAPACITY

47. RISK
•Riskisa“measureoftheexpectedlossesduetoahazardevent
occurringinagivenareaoveraspecifictimeperiod.
•Riskisafunctionoftheprobabilityofparticularhazardousevent
andthelosseseachwouldcause.”
Thelevelofriskdependsupon:
▪Nature of the hazard
▪Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
▪Economic value of those elements
•Acommunity/localityissaidtobeat‘risk’whenitisexposedto
hazardsandislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbyitsimpact.
•Riskcanbecalculatedusingthefollowingequation:
Risk=ProbabilityofHazardxDegreeofVulnerability.

48. Therearedifferentwaysofdealingwithrisk,suchas:
•RiskAcceptance:aninformeddecisiontoacceptthepossible
consequencesandlikelihoodofaparticularrisk.
•RiskAvoidance:aninformeddecisiontoavoidinvolvementin
activitiesleadingtoriskrealization.
•RiskReductionreferstotheapplicationofappropriatetechniques
toreducethelikelihoodofriskoccurrenceanditsconsequences.
•RiskTransferinvolvesshiftingoftheburdenofrisktoanother
party.OneofthemostcommonformsofrisktransferisInsurance.
RISK

49. Elements at risk during/after disaster
•People
•Livestock
•Rural housing stock
•Houses
•Crops, trees, telephone, electric poles
•Boats, looms, working implements
•Personal property
•Electricity, water and food supplies
•Infrastructure support

50. PREPAREDNESS
•Thisprotectiveprocessembracesmeasureswhichenable
governments,communitiesandindividualstorespondrapidly
todisastersituationstocopewiththemeffectively.
•Preparednessincludestheformulationofviableemergency
plans,thedevelopmentofwarningsystems,themaintenance
ofinventoriesandthetrainingofpersonnel.
•Itmayalsoembracesearchandrescuemeasuresaswellas
evacuationplansforareasthatmaybeatriskfromarecurring
disaster.

51. MITIGATION
•Mitigationembracesmeasurestakentoreduceboththeeffectof
thehazardandthevulnerableconditionstoitinordertoreduce
thescaleofafuturedisaster.
•Thereforemitigationactivitiescanbefocusedonthehazarditself
ortheelementsexposedtothethreat.
•Examplesofmitigationmeasureswhicharehazardspecific
includewatermanagementindroughtproneareas,relocating
peopleawayfromthehazardproneareasandbystrengthening
structurestoreducedamagewhenahazardoccurs.
•Inadditiontothesephysicalmeasures,mitigationshouldalsoaim
atreducingtheeconomicandsocialvulnerabilitiesofpotential
disasters.
•Structural mitigation:dams, windbreaks, terracing, hazard
resistant buildings
•Non-structural mitigation:Education programs and policies, e.g.
land-use, zoning, crop diversification, building codes, forecasting
and warning

52. EXPOSURE
•Thepresenceandnumberofpeople,property,livelihoods,
systemsorotherelementsinhazardareas(andsothereby
subjecttopotentiallosses)isknownasexposure.
•Exposureisoneofthedefiningcomponentsofdisasterrisk.
•Ifahazardoccursinanareaofnoexposure,thenthereisnorisk.
•Theextenttowhichexposedpeopleoreconomicassetsare
actuallyatriskisgenerallydeterminedbyhowvulnerablethey
are,asitispossibletobeexposedbutnotvulnerable.

53. EXPOSURE
Fig a. Mechanism behind Natural
Disasters
Fig.(b)MechanismofNatural
DisasterReduction
•Toreducedisasterrisk,itisimportant
toreducethelevelofvulnerability
andtokeepexposureasfaraway
fromhazardsaspossibleby
relocatingpopulationsandproperty.
•Thereductionofvulnerabilitycanbe
achievedthroughsuchmeasuresas
mitigationandpreparedness.

54. EMERGENCY
•Emergencyisadisruptionofthefunctioningofsociety,causing
human,materialorenvironmentaldamagesandlosseswhichdonot
exceedtheabilityoftheaffectedsocietytocopeusingonlyitsown
resources.
•Emergencyisasituationinwhichnormaloperationscannotcontinue
andimmediateactionisrequiredsoastopreventadisaster
Example–forestfire,oilspills,roadaccidents,outbreakof
epidemicsetc.

55. EMERGENCY
Whenanemergencyoradisasteraffectacityoraregion,effortsareconductedinitially
tocareforthewounded,torestorelifelinesandbasicservices,andsubsequentlyto
restorelivelihoodsandtoreconstructcommunities.Sucheffortscanbestructuredinthree
phases:
(i)Responsephase:whereactivitiessuchassearch&rescue,rapiddamageandneeds
assessments,andtheprovisionoffirstaidareconducted;followedbytheopeningand
managementoftemporarysheltersforthoselefthomelessaswellastheprovisionof
humanitarianassistancetothoseaffected;
(ii)Rehabilitationphase:wherebasicservicesandlifelinesarerestored,evenona
temporarybasis,includingtheroadnetworkandotheressentialfacilitiesincluding
bridges,airports,portsandhelicopterlandingsites;
(iii)Recoveryphase:wherereconstructioneffortsarecarriedoutonthebasisofamore
preciseassessmentofdamageanddestructionofinfrastructure.Inaddition,effortsare
conductedtoreconstructinfrastructurewhenneededandtorestorethelivelihoodsof
thoseaffected

56. CRISIS
•Itisanyeventthatisgoing(orisexpected)toleadtoanunstableand
dangeroussituationaffectinganindividual,group,community,or
wholesociety.
•Crisisisasmallerversionwhichmaydegenerateintoadisasterif
notproperlymanaged.
•Crisisdevelopsovertimeanddisasterissudden.

57. DISASTER RESILIENCE
•Disasterresilienceistheabilityofindividuals,communities,organisationsand
statestoadapttoandrecoverfromhazards,shocksorstresseswithout
compromisinglong-termprospectsfordevelopment.
•Disasterresilienceisdeterminedbythedegreetowhichindividuals,
communitiesandpublicandprivateorganisationsarecapableoforganising
themselvestolearnfrompastdisastersandreducetheirriskstofutureones,at
international,regional,nationalandlocallevels.
•Disasterresilienceis‘theabilityofindividuals,communitiesandstatesand
theirinstitutionstoabsorbandrecoverfromshocks,whilstpositivelyadapting
andtransformingtheirstructuresandmeansforlivinginthefaceoflong-term
changesanduncertainty.

58. DISASTER RESILIENCE
Thecoreelementsofdisasterresilienceareasfollows
(1)CONTEXT:Itdealswithwhoseresilienceisbeingbuiltsuchasasocial
group,socio-economicorpoliticalsystem,environmentalcontextor
institution.
(2)DISTURBANCE:ThesedisturbancestaketwoformsStressesand
Shocks.

59. SHOCKS
•Shocksaresuddeneventsthatimpactonthevulnerabilityofthe
systemanditscomponents.
•Therearemanydifferenttypesofdisaster-relatedshocksthatcan
strikeatdifferentlevels.Theseincludediseaseoutbreaks,weather-
relatedandgeophysicaleventsincludingfloods,highwinds,
landslides,droughtsorearthquakes.Therecanalsobeconflict-related
shockssuchasoutbreaksoffightingorviolence,orshocksrelatedto
economicvolatility.

60. STRESSES
•Stressesarelong-termtrendsthatunderminethepotentialofagiven
systemorprocessandincreasethevulnerability.
•Thesecanincludenaturalresourcedegradation,lossofagricultural
production,urbanisation,demographicchanges,climatechange,
politicalinstabilityandeconomicdecline.

61. DISASTER RESILIENCE
Thecoreelementsofdisasterresilienceareasfollows
(3)CAPACITYTORESPOND:Theabilityofasystemorprocesstodeal
withashockorstressdependsonsensitivityandadaptivecapacity.
SENSITIVITY:
•Sensitivityisthedegreetowhichasystemwillbeaffectedby,orwill
respondto,agivenshockorstress.Thiscanvaryconsiderablyfordifferent
factorswithinasystem.
•Forexample,womenaccountedforupto80%ofthosewhodiedduringthe
2004IndianOceantsunami,anddeathratesamongwomenwerealmost
fourtimeshigherthanthoseamongmeninthe1991Bangladeshcyclone.
•Limitedmobility,skillssetandsocialstatusexacerbatedsensitivitytothe
shock.

62. ADAPTIVE CAPACITY:
•Adaptivecapacitymeanshowwellthesystemcanadjusttoadisturbance
ormoderatedamage,takeadvantageofopportunitiesandcopewiththe
consequencesofatransformation.

63. DISASTER RESILIENCE
Thecoreelementsofdisasterresilienceareasfollows
(4)REACTION:
Arangeofresponsesarepossible,including:bouncebackbetter,where
capacitiesareenhanced,exposuresarereduced,andthesystemismoreable
todealwithfutureshocksandstresses;bounceback,wherepre‐existing
conditionsprevail;orrecover,butworsethanbefore,meaningcapacitiesare
reduced.
Intheworst‐casescenario,thesystemcollapses,leadingtoacatastrophic
reductionincapacitytocopewiththefuture.

65. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
•DisasterRiskManagementincludessumtotalofallactivities,
programsandmeasureswhichcanbetakenupbefore,duringand
afteradisasterwiththepurposetoavoidadisaster,reduceitsimpact
orrecoverfromitslosses.

66. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

67. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
1. BEFORE A DISASTER (PRE-DISASTER)
Activitiestakentoreducehumanandpropertylossescausedbya
potentialhazard.
Eg:-Carryingoutawarenesscampaigns,strengtheningtheexisting
weakstructures,preparationofthedisastermanagementplansat
householdandcommunityleveletc.
Suchriskreductionmeasurestakenunderthisstagearetermedas
mitigationandpreparednessactivities

68. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
2. DURING A DISASTER (DISASTER OCCURENCE)
Initiativestakentoensurethattheneedsandprovisionsofvictimsare
metandsufferingisminimized.Activitiestakeninthisstagearecalled
emergencyresponseactivities.
3.AFTERADISASTER(POST-DISASTER)
Initiativestakeninresponsetoadisasterwithapurposetoachieve
earlyrecoveryandrehabilitationofaffectedcommunities,immediately
afteradisasterstrikes.Thesearecalledasresponseandrecovery
activities.