T Cells and B Cells and Ig..pptxiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

ssssiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiLow MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) levels in a blood test can be caused by a number of conditions, including:

Iron deficiency anemia
The most common cause of low MCH levels, this condition occurs when your body doesn't have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells.

Microcytic anemia
A condition where red blood cells are abnormally small and carry less hemoglobin.

Thalassemia
A genetic condition that causes the body to produce less hemoglobin than normal.

Hemoglobinopathy
A condition that affects the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Low MCH levels are often treated with lifestyle changes, such as taking iron supplements or eating iron-rich foods. In some cases, blood transfusions may be required.

Low MCH levels aren't always a sign of a serious health condition. Sometimes, MCH levels can return to normal with diet changes or by avoiding alcohol.

What Is MCH and What Do High and Low Values Mean? - Healthline
Low MCH values are often caused by iron deficiency anemia. Typically, this condition can be treated with lifestyle changes, includ...

Healthline
MCH: Understanding Your Blood Test Results - Health
06-Feb-2023 — A lack of intrinsic factor (a protein that helps your body absorb vitamin B12) Heavy alcohol use. Certain medicines, su...

Health
MCH levels in complete blood count tests - MedicalNewsToday
What does it mean if MCH is low? A person may have low MCH levels if something affects the amount of hemoglobin found in the red b...

MedicalNewsToday
Show all
Low MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) levels in a blood test can be caused by a number of conditions, including:

Iron deficiency anemia
The most common cause of low MCH levels, this condition occurs when your body doesn't have enough iron to produce healthy red blood cells.

Microcytic anemia
A condition where red blood cells are abnormally small and carry less hemoglobin.

Thalassemia
A genetic condition that causes the body to produce less hemoglobin than normal.

Hemoglobinopathy
A condition that affects the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Low MCH levels are often treated with lifestyle changes, such as taking iron supplements or eating iron-rich foods. In some cases, blood transfusions may be required.

Low MCH levels aren't always a sign of a serious health condition. Sometimes, MCH levels can return to normal with diet changes or by avoiding alcohol.

What Is MCH and What Do High and Low Values Mean? - Healthline
Low MCH values are often caused by iron deficiency anemia. Typically, this condition can be treated with lifestyle changes, includ...

Healthline
MCH: Understanding Your Blood Test Results - Health
06-Feb-2023 — A lack of intrinsic factor (a protein that helps your body absorb vitamin B12) Heavy alcohol use. Certain medicines, su...

Health
MCH levels in complete blood count tests - MedicalNewsToday
What does it mean if MCH is low? A person may have low MCH levels if something affects the

1. T Cells and B Cells

2. T Cell vs B Cell T cells and B cells are the two types of lymphocytes that are involved in triggering the immune response in the body. Both T cells and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. The T cells migrate to the thymus for maturation. Both T cells and B cells are involved in recognizing pathogens and other harmful, foreign materials inside the body such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and dead cells. The two types of T cells are helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells. The major function of the helper T cells is to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. The cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens by phagocytosis. B cells produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.

3. T-Cell T cells are a type of lymphocytes that develop in the thymus. They are also called T lymphocytes. These cells are primarily produced in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus for maturation. The immature T cells differentiate into three types of T Cells: helper T cell, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells. The helper T cells recognize antigens and activate . The B cells secrete antibodies and cytotoxic T cells destroy the infected cells by apoptosis. The suppressor T cells modulate the immune system .

4. T Cell & B Cell Both helper and cytotoxic T cells recognize various antigens in the circulation system, These antigens should be presented on the surfaces of the antigen presenting cell (APS). Macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and B cells are the types of APSs . These APSs phagocytize pathogens and present the epitopes on their surfaces. The molecules that present those epitopes on the surface of the APSs are called major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). The two types of MHC complexes are MHC class I and MHC class II . The MHC class I molecules occur on the surface of the cytotoxic T cells while MHC class II molecules occur on the surface of the helper T cells. The T cell receptors (TCR) of the T cells bond with the MHC molecules on the APSs. Two types of coreceptors can also be identified, stabilizing this binding. They are CD4 coreceptor and CD8 coreceptor .

5. B Cell B cells are the other type of lymphocytes produced and develop in the bone marrow. B cells are also called B lymphocytes. They mediate the humoral or the antibody-mediated immunity (AMI). That means B cells produce antigen-specific immunoglobulin ( Ig ) or antibodies, which are directed against the invaded pathogens. B cells can bind to antigens on the circulation through B cell receptors (BCR) present on the surface. This binding promotes the differentiation of the B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells and memory cells.

6. Types of Immune response primary immune response and the secondary immune response two types of immune responses generated by B cells against an antigen. The primary immune response is generated by the naïve B cells the secondary immune response is generated by the memory B cells.

7. Difference Between T Cells and B Cells T Cells: T cells are a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the thymus, circulates in the blood and lymph and mediates the immune response against malignant or infected cells in the body by the secretion of lymphokines or by direct contact. B Cells: B cells are a type of lymphocyte, which develops in the bone marrow, circulates in the blood and lymph, and upon recognizing a particular pathogen, differentiates into a plasma cell clone, secreting specific antibodies and a memory cell clone, for the subsequent encountering of the same pathogen.

8. 5 main Classes of Immunoglobulins ( Ig ) IgA 5-10% of serum antibody. Most common in fluids like saliva , tears and breast milk (helps keep baby safe while it develops its own immune system) Respiratory (bronchi) and intestinal mucous (gut) Prevent attachment of viruses and/or bacteria to mucosal surfaces.

9. RS 13 IgD 0.2%, found on surface of B cells and act as antigen receptors (no known function in serum) It is protein that is present in normal human serum in very small amount . The function of IgD is unknown except antigen receptor. 13

10. RS 14 IgG 80% of all serum antibody, cross blood vessel walls and enter tissue fluids Cross placenta to protect fetus. It possess immunity in infants prior to birth. Protect against circulating bacteria, viruses, neutralize toxin, trigger complement, and enhance phagocytic cells. 14

11. RS 15 IgE 0.002% of serum antibody, that binds to mast cells and basophils ( allergic reactions). Increases during parasite or allergy IgM 5-10% of serum antibody. First respond to initial antigen exposure . Valuable in diagnosis because it is early to respond. Larger than IgG - 15

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