Tabulation of data

Tabulation of data

1. ECONOMICS BASIC STATISTICS Dr Rekha Choudhary Department of Economics Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur Rajasthan Collection of Statistical Data: Tabulation of Data

2. Department of Economics 1.0 Introduction The classification of data leads to the problem of presentation of data. The presentation of data means exhibition of the data in such a clear and attractive manner that these are easily understood and analyzed. There many forms of presentation of data of which the following three are well known: Textual Presentation, Tabular Presentation, Diagrammatic Presentation. Here, we discuses in detail Tabular method of data presentation .

3. Department of Economics 1.1 Objectives After going through this unit, you will be able to:   Carry out investigations D o comparisons L ocate omissions and errors in the data U se space economically S tudy the trends Simplify data Use it as future references

4. Department of Economics 1.2.1 What is a Table A table is a symmetric arrangement of statistical data in rows and columns. 1.2.2 Definitions According Prof. L.R.Connor ,” “Table involves the orderly and systematic presentation of numerical data in a form designed to elucidate the problem under consideration.” According to Prof. M.M. Blaire “Table in its broadest sense is an orderly arrangement of data in column and rows.” 1.2.3 Meaning In the light of above mentioned definitions we can say in brief, “Table is systematic organization and presentation of data in the form of rows and columns. Whereas rows are horizontal arrangements and columns are vertical arrangements. 1.2 Tabulation

5. Department of Economics 1. 3 Features of good table Title as compatible with the objective of the study To facilitate comparison. Ideal Size Stubs Heading Abbreviation Footnote Total Source of data Size of Columns Simple, Economical and Attractive

6. Department of Economics 1.4 Rules of Tabulation The table should suit the size of the paper and, therefore, the width of the column should be decided before hand. Number of columns and rows should neither be too large nor too small. As far as possible figures should be approximated before tabulation. This would reduce unnecessary details. Items should be arranged either in alphabetical, chronological or geographical order or according to size. There are no hard and fast rules for the tabulation of data but for constructing good table, following general rules should be observed while tabulating statistical data. The sub-total and total of the items of the table must be written. Percentages are given in the tables if necessary. Ditto marks should not be used in a table because sometimes it create confusion. Table should be simple and attractive. A table should be logical, well-balanced in length and breadth and the comparable columns should be placed side by side. Light/heavy/thick or double rulings may be used to distinguish sub columns, main columns and totals. For large data more than one table may be used.

7. Department of Economics 1.5 Parts of an Ideal Table Parts of an Ideal Table Footnotes & references Title Stubs or Row designations Table number Body of the table Source Column headings Or Captions Date

8. Department of Economics Table number : A number must be allotted to the table for identification, particularly when there are many tables in a study. Title: The title should explain what is contained in the table. It should be clear, brief and set in bold type on top of the table. It should also indicate the time and place to which the data refer. Date: The date of preparation of the table should be given. Stubs or Row designations: Each row of the table should be given a brief heading. Such designations of rows are called “stubs”, or, “stub items” and the entire column is called “stub column”. Column headings or Captions: Column designation is given on top of each column to explain to what the figures in the column refer. It should be clear and precise. This is called a “caption”, or, “heading”. columns should be numbered if there are four, or, more columns. Body of the table: The data should be arranged in such a way that any figure can be located easily. Various types of numerical variables should be arranged in an ascending order, i.e., from left to right in rows and from top to bottom in columns. Column and row totals should be given. Source: At the bottom of the table a note should be added indicating the primary and secondary sources from which data have been collected. Footnotes and references: If any item has not been explained properly, a separate explanatory note should be added at the bottom of the table.

9. Department of Economics 1.6 Importance of Tabulation Under tabulation, data is divided into various parts and for each part there are totals and sub totals. Therefore, relationship between different parts can be easily known. Since data are arranged in a table with a title and a number so these can be easily identified and used for the required purpose Tabulation makes the data brief. Therefore, it can be easily presented in the form of graphs. Tabulation presents the numerical figures in an attractive form Tabulation makes complex data simple and as a result of this, it becomes easy to understand the data. This form of the presentation of data is helpful in finding mistakes. Tabulation is useful in condensing the collected data. Tabulation makes it easy to analyze the data from tables. Tabulation is a very cheap mode to present the data. It saves time as well as space. Tabulation is a device to summaries the large scattered data. So, the maximum information may be collected from these tables..

10. Department of Economics 1.7 Limitations of Tabulation Tables contain only numerical data. They do not contain details. Qualitative expression is not possible through tables. Tables can be used by experts only to draw conclusions. Common men do not understand them properly.

11. Department of Economics 1.8 Methods of Tabulation Simple tabulation: Simple tabulation is when the data are tabulated to one characteristic. For example, the survey that determined the frequency or number of employees of a firm owning different brands of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia, etc. Double tabulation: Double tabulation is when two characteristics of data are tabulated. For example, frequency or number of male and female employees in the firm owning different brand of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia etc. Complex tabulation: Complex tabulation of data that includes more than two characteristics. For example, frequency or number of male, female and the total employees owning different brand of mobile phones like Blackberry, Nokia etc.

12. Department of Economics Kinds of Tables According to Purpose According to Originality Complex Table General Purpose Table Special Purpose Table Original Table Derived Table According to Construction Double or Two-Way Table Main fold Table Three way Table Simple or One-Way Table 1.9 Kinds of Table

13. Department of Economics 1.9 Kinds of Table There are three basis of classifying tables. Purpose of a table Originality of a table Construction of a table. According to Purpose General Purpose Table: General purpose table is that table which is of general use. It is does not serve any specific purpose or specific problem under consideration. Special Purpose Table: Special Purpose table is that table which is prepared with some specific purpose in mind. According to Originality Original Table: An original table is that in which data are presented in the same form and manner in which they are collected. Derived Table: A derived table is that in which data are not presented in the form or manner in which these are collected. Instead the data are first converted into ratios or percentage and then presented.

14. Department of Economics According to Construction . Simple Table Simple Table In a simple table (also known as one-way table), data are presented based on only one characteristic.  Complex Tables  In a complex table (also known as a manifold table) data are presented according to two or more characteristics simultaneously. The complex tables are two-way or three-way tables according to whether two or three characteristics are presented simultaneously . a. Double or Two-Way Table Double or Two-Way Table In such a table, the variable under study is further subdivided into two groups according to two inter-related characteristics b. Three-Way Table Three-Way Table In such a table, the variable under study is divided according to three interrelated characteristics. c. Manifold (or Higher Order) Table Manifold (or Higher Order) Table Such tables provide information about a large no of interrelated characteristics in the data set.

15. Department of Economics 1.10 Difference between Classification and Tabulation Basis for Comparison Classification Tabulation Meaning Classification is the process of grouping data into different categories, on the basis of nature, behavior, or common characteristics. Tabulation is a process of summarizing data and presenting it in a compact form, by putting data into statistical table. Order After data collection After classification Arrangement Attributes and variables Columns and rows Purpose To analyse data To present data Bifurcates data into Categories and sub-categories Headings and sub-headings

16. Department of Economics 1.11 Let us Sum up With the help of above discussion we can say that table are help us to represent the data in the form of rows and columns and make it useful for the purposes. When the collection and verification of data is completed on the basis of homogeneity and consistency, it needs to be summarized and presented in a clear and compact manner which highlights the relevant features of data. Both classification and tabulation, enhances the readability and attractiveness of data, by presenting it in a manner that looks more appealing to the eyes.

17. Department of Economics 1.12 Unit End Questions Define Tabulation. Describe different pats of table. What precautions should taken into consideration while preparing a statistical table ? What is difference between Classification and Tabulation? What is good table ? Point out the various types of tables ? What are the different parts of a table ? Explain the main precautions you will take in tabulating your data?

18. Department of Economics Asthana H.S, and Bhushan , B.(2007) Statistics for Social Sciences (with SPSS Applications). Prentice Hall of India B.L.Aggrawal (2009). Basic Statistics . New Age International Publisher, Delhi. Gupta, S.C.(1990) Fundamentals of Statistics . Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai Elhance , D.N: Fundamental of Statistics Singhal , M.L: Elements of Statistics Nagar, A.L. and Das, R.K.: Basic Statistics Croxton Cowden: Applied General Statistics Nagar, K.N.: Sankhyiki ke mool tatva Gupta, BN : Sankhyiki References https ://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Faskanydifference.com%2Fdifference-between-classification-vs-tabulation%2F&psig=AOvVaw19z0quh-3GtsPc1oR80OqB&ust=1596384580285000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIiK-9Sy--oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAh https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questionpro.com%2Fcross-tabulation.html&psig=AOvVaw19z0quh-3GtsPc1oR80OqB&ust=1596384580285000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCIiK-9Sy--oCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAn https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-classification-and-tabulation.html#:~:text=The%20primary%20difference%20between%20classification,tabular%20form%2C%20for%20better%20interpretation.       1.13 Suggested Readings