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1. PSYCHOANALYSIS An approach subscribes to the idea that each of us has an unconscious part that contains ideas, memories, desires, or thoughts that have been hidden or repressed because they are psychologically dangerous or threatening to our self-concept.

2. Developed in the early 1900s by Sigmund Freud Focuses on how the unconscious part of our minds influences a person’s idea of himself or herself, his or her overall development of personality, or his or her concept of the self in general.

3. Free association Defined as the free-flowing , uncensored talking that will provide clues to unconscious forces. Dream interpretation Freud believed dreams are the purest forms of free association

4. Freudian Slips Unintentionally reveal unconscious thoughts or desires Id refers to the first division of the mind to develop and operates based on the pleasure principle

5. Ego Emphasizes logic and rationality and operates under the reality principle Super Ego Represents the internalization of moral codes or the “conscience” that a child develops as he or she learns more about his or her environment.

6. Anxiety Refers to a conflict that arises into the mind uncomfortable feeling that results from inner conflicts between the primitive desires of the id and the moral goals of the superego

7. Defense Mechanism Mental process in which Anxiety is reduces.

8. Rational Choice ( Adam Smith) Assumes that individuals make decisions by considering the costs , risks , and benefits of their choices Individuals carefully analyze their choices based on what is good for them (self-interest) Proposed in the 18th century by the economist and philosopher Adam Smith

9. Rational choice theory has three key assumptions: 1. Individuals are motivated by personal goals and driven by their own desires. 2. Since resources such as money, time, and energy are finite, individuals must choose attainable means to reach their goals and desires. 3. Social phenomena can be explained through rational individual actions.

10. Institutionalism The study of the origins, effects, and potential for the reform of institutions.

11. INSTITUTIONALISM 3 KEYPOINTS: HABITS HABITS ARE REPEATED ACTIONS THAT BECOME RECOGNIZED BY A SELF-CONSCIOUS INDIVIDUAL AND ARE THEN INTERNALLY REPRESENTED

12. CUSTOMS HABITS THAT ARE SHARED WITHIN A GROUP. THIS INTEGRATES A SOCIAL ASPECT IN OUR HABITS.

13. CONVENTIONS HABITS THAT ARE SHARED WITHIN A GROUP. THIS INTEGRATES A SOCIAL ASPECT IN OUR HABITS.

14. Characteristics of Institution:

15. 1. Norms and Rules - Institutions establish norms, rules, and regulations that guide behavior and interactions within a particular context.

16. 2. Stability - Institutions tend to be relatively stable over time, providing a framework for continuity and predictability in social life.

17. 3. Authority Structures - Institutions often have hierarchical authority structures that define roles, responsibilities, and power dynamics among individuals or groups .

18. 4. Collective Action - Institutions facilitate collective action by coordinating the activities of individuals or groups toward common goals or objectives.

19. 5. Legitimac y - Institutions derive their authority and legitimacy from various sources, including legal frameworks, cultural norms, and historical traditions .

20. FEMINISM THEORY (Mary Wallstonecraft ) (1) feminism is the awareness of women’s oppression in society, at work, and within the family, and (2) the collective action to fight against gender inequality (Bhasin and Khan 1986). T

21. First Wave Feminism - women had little control over their lives, they were housewives who were uneducated and possessed no property or economic rights Second Wave Feminism - focused on issues of sexuality, reproductive rights, and workplace discrimination

22. Third Wave Feminism - A period of political activism that sought to expand civil rights and social equality for women

23. LIBERAL FEMINISM - Promoting women's legal and social rights RADICAL FEMINISM - F eminist theory asserts that gender inequality is the result of male domination in all aspects of social and economic life

24. BLACK FEMINISM - F eminist theory emphasizes the intersectionality of various social identities such as race, class, and gender POST MODERN FEMINISM - T heory accepts standpoints from various experiences such as from heterosexuals, homosexuals, lesbians, Black women, working-class women

25. GLASS CEILING T he glass ceiling is a colloquial term for  the social barrier preventing women from being promoted to top jobs in management . The term has been broadened to include discrimination against minorities.

26. Simone de Beauvoir, (1908–1986) A renowned feminist, activist, and philosopher, argued that women must embrace their selfhood and not only be seen as man’s “other

27. Shulamith Firestone (1970), A radical feminist, activist, and writer, argued that women depend on men for protection and livelihod because men control their roles in reproduction and child-rearing.

28. Hermeneutic - stems from the Greek verb hermeneuein , which means “to interpret.” Phenomenology - Phenomenon (phenomena in plural form), or experience , comes from the Greek word phainomenon , which literally means “thing appearing to view.” - The study of lived experiences by interpreting them through language.

29. What is the primary goal of hermeneutic phenomenology? To interpret lived experiences

30. we gather information to create a review of related literature, (2) formulate a methodology from what we have learned, (3) design a methodology for gathering data, (4) make sense of the data, and (5) discuss our new findings in relation to the previous related literature we have reviewed before. Hermeneutic Process:

31. Human-Environment System Is a framework that views society as part of a symbiotic system between people and the environment

32. Human-Environment S ystems E xample of a renewable resource Soil erosion The term for the gradual increase in Earth's average temperature due to human activities is called Greenhouse Effect. T he primary focus of the human-environment systems approach is to understand the interaction between people and the environment.

33. T he significance of the "sense of place" concept in understanding human-environment interaction is it reflects people’s emotional attachment to the environment . Sikolohiyang Pilipino Core Theme: Pakikipagkapwa Pagtitiwala Paggalang Utang na loob Hiya Pakikisama

34. Virgilio Enriquez is often credited as the father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Th e main goal of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to understand the Filipino psyche Sikolohiyang Pilipino promotes the idea of " pagkalinga ," which refers to care and nurturing. The values considered as "surface values" in sikolohiyang Pilipino is the importance of Indigenous knowledge and practices

35. S ikolohiyang Pilipino considered the Filipino culture and history as the basis for developing a theory of Filipino personhood. Virgilio Enriquez and Zeus Salazar promote the use of language in academic discussions by promoting the use of local language in research and teaching. T he main goal of Pantayong Pananaw (PP) is t o understand Filipino society through the lens of Filipino history and culture.