Tamra bhasma(copper bhasma) presentation

tamra bhasma is used as a ayurvedic medicine ,its is environment pollution free and can be used by reducing toxicity of compounds.

1. PREPARATION, OPTIMIZATION AND STANDARDIZATION O F TAMRA BHASMA SCHOOL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA BHOPAL SUPERVISED BY: PROF. DEEPTI JAIN CO-SUPERVISED BY MR RAHUL MOURYA SUBMITTED BY :NAGENDRA SHARMA M.PHARMACY III SEM

2. Contents Introduction Literature review Research Envisaged Plan of work References

3. INTRODUCTION Rasashastra is one such branch of ayurveda which deals with metal and minneral based drugs, their collection, preparations, testing and different clinical indications. Bhasma in ayurveda is defined as a substance obtained by calcination [1 ] Bhasma  is a calcined preparation in which the gem or metal is converted into ash. Gems or metals are purified to remove impurities and treated by triturating and macerating in herbal extracts. The dough so obtained is calcinated to obtain the ashes. Ayurveda prakasha have quoted ashtamadoshas eight major ill effects that can be treated. Copper is a trace element , involved as an essential constituent of certain enzymes such as catalase , tyrosinase , serum oxidase , ascorbic acid oxidase , cytochrom oxidase etc [2]

4. terminologies Shodhana -purification/detoxification Marana-incineration/ calcination Putapaka -reactions at high temperatures Mardana - trituration Galan-filtering

5. TAMRA (COPPER) BHASMA Tamra bhasma is one among the important important metallic preparations used in indian system of medicine and has widespread use in the treatment of diseases like anemia, skin disorders, dyspnea , peptic ulcer, fever, digestive impairment, tuberculosis, liver, and spleen disorders, eye diseases, lipid metabolic disorders , dyspepsia and cardiac disorders etc [3] The dose of tamra bhasma for the therapeutic purpose in humans was 22mg per day. It is a well known fact that copper is a naturally hygienic metal that slows down the growth of germs such as E-coli, methicillin resistant s. aureus (MRSA), staphylococcus, clostridium difficle , influenza a virus , adenovirus, and fungi. [4]

6. Various formulations of tamra were compiled from bhaisajya ratnavali and approximate percentage of copper in them has been calculated. Total 221 formulations were screened out which directly or indirectly contained tamra bhasma in them. Out of them maximum formulations (65) were found in jwara rogadhikara . Copper alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganism [6][7] Experimental studies have shown that tamra bhasma in lower doses has shown antioxidant properties by virtue of lipid peroxidation and aerial oxidation of reduced glutathione. [ 5]

7. TAMRA BHASMA PREPARATION 1. shodhana (purification ) copper turnings repeatedly heated to red hot(500-700 c) immediately quenched 5 times in each cold solvents a.sessamum oil b. butter milk c. cow urine d.decoction of dolichos fibrosus Purified copper found brittle in nature black in colour

8. 2. Bhasma preparation: Purified mercury+ purified copper titrated with lemon juice to make amalgam. Equal quantity of sulfur added to it and titrated again till black fine powder was formed. Obtained powder was heated up to 700 c for 9 hrs in kupi yantra (glass bottle wrapped with 7 layers of mud smeared cloth)By gradual rise in temp in a thermostatic controlled muffle furnace. Tamra bhasma collected from bottom of the kupi and fine powder was made which passed 100% through 200 mesh sieve. Bhasma was found floating on water surface

9. Purification of mercury- For mercury-impure mercury +lime powder trituration for 3 days. 4 th day filterd through cotton cloth and triturated with garlic. Garlic and saindhava salt was triturated with mercury untill paste become black. Washed with hot water and filtered through a cloth, weighed and stored in glass bottle Purification of sulphur- Sulphur melted in goghrita mild heating dipped in cow milk. Filterd through cotton cloth and solid mass was taken out and washed with hot water.

10. LITERATURE REVIEW Uses of tamra bhasma s.n use reference 1. Used in cardiac problems, liver disorders ,GIT disorders. w.h.o Geneva. (1996) Trace elements in human nutriti0n and health. P. 124 2. Greying of hair and demyelination of nerves Pandey , B.L. (1983) a study of the effects of tamra bhasma on experimental gastric ulcers and secretions. Ind . J. Exp. Biol. 21, 258-264 3. Leucoderma and old age diseases. Ravi bhaskar et al evaluation of histopathological and biochemical changes of tamra bhasma in albino rats. Intj anat res 2016 ;4(4) 3246;3252. 4. Peptic ulcer, dyspepsia lipid metabolic disorders. Kumar A, Nair A G C , reddy AV, Garg AG, “ bhasmas unique ayurvedic metallic herbal preparation chemical characterisation 5. Lauhadi rasayana formulation is mentioned. Charaka . Charak samhita . Acharya YT, editor . 4 th ed. Varanasi; chaukhamba surbharati prakashan ; 2008. chikitsasthana , rasayana adhyaya , 1/3/15-23 p. 449

11. s. no Study found reference 1. Shodhana , marana methods therapeutic uses. Sushruta . Sushruta samhita . Acharya YT , editor. 3 rd ed. Varanasi chaukhamba sanskrita sansthana 2009 chikitsasthana 10/11 p 449 2. Standard manufacturing procedure. Chandrashekhar y. jagtap , et al standard manufacturing procedure. 3. Safety at therapeutic dose level. Rai RK et al a comparative study of tuttha and tamra bhasma with special reference to its toxicity study(M.D. ayu ) varanasi : BHU 4. Anti ulcerogic , anti oxidant, anti hyperlipidimic activity Jagatap cy et al evaluation of antihyperlipidimic activity of tamra bhasma prepared from purified tamra . Indian j nat prod resour 5 Anemia ( pandu ), udara shoola (abdominal pain) Shwasa (dyspnoea) Dollwet hha , sorenson jrj . Historic uses of copper compounds in medicine. Trace elements in medicine 1985:2(2) 80-87

12. Compound formulation with herbomineral substances s.no Formulation content name 1. Jwaranagamayura churna Churna kalpa 2. Pittantaka lauha , vadavagni lauha , chitrakadi lauha , yakridari lauha etc Lauha kalpa 3. Panchamrita mandura , panchamrita lauha mandura Mandura kalpa 4. Panchamrita parpati , vijaya parpati etc Parpati kalpa 5. Jwarakalketu rasa, vishamajwarantaka lauha , vadavamukha rasa, arkeshwara rasa Putapaka kalpa 6. Mritasanjivan rasa, ashtavakra rasa. Kupipaka 7 mopharva avaleha

13. Marketed products(according to bhaishajya ratnavali Formulation name and ref. % copper rogadhikara dose 1. jwararyabhram [5/1135-39] 8.33 jwara 2 ratti 2. Ratnagiri rasa[5/562-67] 17.39 jwara 1 ratti 3. Sarvajwarahara lauha ( brihat dwitiya ) [5/1180-92] 8.33 jwara 1-2 ratti 4. Shree jayamangala rasa [5/1061-65] 8.33 jwara 2 ratti 5.Sarvatobhadra rasa [10/215-20] 0.55 grahani 2 ratti 6.Kravyadasha rasa [10/215-20] 2.27 agnimandya 2 masha 7. Lakshmivilasa rasa 5.55 rajyakshama -

14. Research envisaged Motivation – market analysis shows that number of pharmacies is being manufacturing these products by different method but these products are not standardised either on their chemical and structural point of view. This gives us that evaluation of safety and efficacy of mineral and mineral based preparation is considerd as one of the most important area that deserves attention of the researchers in the field of biomedical sciences

15. Evaluation of tamra bhasma Tamra bhasma did not change the colour of the curd when kept in contact for 24 hour. It was not shining as the original metal. Safety profile was evaluated based on effect of tamra bhasma on parameters such as haematological , biochemical, and histopathological changes. Biochemical and histopathological changes in wistar albino rats.- the toxicity study was done by repeated dose on wistar albino rats. Animals were made into three different categories or groups which contain ten rats in each group. Group 1 administerd with 0.5% CMC & considerd as vehicle group. Group II & III administerd with tamra bhasma 1.98 mg/kg & 9mg/kg respectively. These groups were administerd the specific deug tamra bhasma for 28 consecutive days . On 28 th day after one hour of last doing animals were sacrificed

16. Cont,. The blood and important organs were subjected for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count, platelet count, MCHC, MCV and RDWCV were carried out.

17. REFERENCES 1. Ayurvedic formulary of india 1978 2.shastri, K. N. (1979) in “Rasatarangini-11 th Ed ( motilal banarasidas , Delhi, chapter 17, 420-422 3. pandey BL, a study of the effect of tamra bhasma on experimental gastric ulcers and secreations . Ind. J. exp. Biol. 1983; 21:258-264 4. chang SM , Tien M. Effects of heavy metal ions on growth of microorganisms. Bull inst chem adad sinica.1969; 16:29-39 5 . pattanaik N, et al toxicology and free radicals scavanging property of tamra bhasma . Indian journal of clinical biochemistry, 2003, 18(2) 181-189

18. 6. http:// www.coppertouchsurfaces.org/antimicrobial/viruses.html 7. dollwet HHA, sorenson JRJ . Historic uses of copper compounds in medicine. Trace elements in medicine 1985;2(2);80-87