Taxonomy: Kingdom Protista

They have distinct cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles which allow for compartmentalization and dedication of specific areas of the cell for specific functions.
Plays a very important role in the phylogeny of all eukaryotes.
They serve as the stem group for the fungi, plants, and animals.
Major groups within this kingdom include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoans and flagellates.

1. Kingdom Protista

2. Kingdom Protista They have distinct cell nuclei and membrane - bound organelles which allow for compartmentalization and dedication of specific areas of the cell for specific functions. Plays a very important role in the phylogeny of all eukaryotes. They serve as the stem group for the fungi, plants, and animals. Major groups within this kingdom include the algae, euglenoids , ciliates, protozoans and flagellates. Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

3. Kingdom Protista Unicellular One of the first groups of living things on Earth. (1.5 billion years ago.) Microscopic Can cause disease Can be parasites Has a nucleus. Live in watery environment. Generally live as individual cells. Protists vary greatly in appearance and function. Protists are unicellular organisms that have a nucleus.

4. 3 Categories I. Animal-like Protists . II . Plant-like Protists . III . Fungus-like Protists .

5. I. Animal-like Protists Protozoan means “First Animal”. Cells contain a nucleus. Cells lack a cell wall. They are heterotrophs. Most can move on their own.

6. 4 Groups of Animal-like Protists 1. Sarcodines (SAHR- koh - dighnz ) 2. Ciliates (SIHL- ee - ihts ) 3. Flagellates (FLAJ- ehl-ihts ) 4. Sporozoans ( spohr -oh-ZOH- uhnz )

7. Sarcodines Have pseudopods (Greek : “ false foot”) Extensions of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. Pseudopods are used for movement and to capture food .. Amoeba Most familiar Sarcodine . Pseudopods: Blob shaped. Contractile Vacuoles: controls amount of water inside Food Vacuole : where food is digested .

8. Ciliates Have cilia on the outside of their cells. Tiny hair-like projections used for movement, to gather food and as feelers. Paramecium Pellicle : tough outer wall. Slipper shaped Gullet : holds food. Food Vacuole: digests food. Anal Pore: removes wastes 2 Contractile Vacuoles 2 Nuclei Reproduces by either binary fission or conjugation .

9. Flagellates ( Zooflagellates ) Have a Flagellum : a long whip-like structure used for movement. Many live in animals Flagellates are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip-like projections called flagella poking out of their cells . Flagellates use their flagella to move.

10. Sporozoans All Sporozans are parasites. They feed on cells and body fluids. Form from Spores (tiny reproductive cells). Pass from one host to another. Pass from ticks, mosquitoes or other animals to humans.

11. II. Plant-like Protists Unicellular and Multicellular Colonies (groups of unicellular protists ) Can move on their own Autotrophs : make their own food from simple materials using light energy (photosynthesis). Pigments : chemicals that produce color

12. 6 Groups of Plant -like Protist Euglenoids ( yoo -GLEE- noydz ) Diatoms (DIGH-ah- tahmz ) Dinoflagellates ( digh - noh -FLAJ-eh- layts ) Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

13. Euglenoids Green Unicellular Live in fresh water Autotrophs, but can be heterotrophs under certain conditions. Flagella Eyespot: sensitive to light. Chloroplasts Pellicle

14. Diatoms Unicellular 10,000 living species. Aquatic Glass like cell wall Diatomaceous earth: course powder that comes from dead diatoms (toothpaste, car polish & reflective paint.

15. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Cell walls are like plates of armor. Two flagella Spins when it moves. Colorful (pigments) Can glow in the dark. Causes Red Tide

16. Red Algae Multicellular seaweeds Live in deep ocean waters Used for ice cream and hair conditioner Used as food in Asia

17. Green Algae Most are unicellular Some form colonies Few are multicellular Can live in fresh and salt water and on land in damp places. Very closely related to green plants.

18. A Volvox is a hollow boll composed of hundreds of flagellated cells in a single layer.

19. Chlamydomonas are actually unicellular and flagellated.

20. Brown Algae Commonly called seaweed Can contain brown, green, yellow, orange and black pigments. Attach to rocks Have air bladders Giant Kelp can be 100 meters long! Used as food thickeners

21. III. Fungus -like Protists Heterotrophs Have cell walls. Many have flagella and are able to move at some point in their lives. Three types: Slime Molds, Water & Downy Molds Reproduce with Spores (tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism)

22. Water and Downy Molds Live in water or moist places. Tiny threads that look like fuzz. Attack food crops Caused the Irish Potato Famine. Type: Slime Molds Reproduce by Fruiting Bodies: The Fruiting Bodies contain Spores. At first they look like ameba, then later they look like mold. Live on moist shady places. Feed on bacteria and other microorganisms.

23. Parasitic Protists Parasite - an organism that lives on or in a  host  organism and causes harm to that organism Vector - an organism that can carry a parasite, and is responsible for infecting other organisms (host) with that parasite. Vectors themselves are not harmful, but in the battle against human disease, controlling the vector can control the transmission of parasites.

24. Malaria Protist : Plasmodium Vector: Anopholes Mosquito Statistics: According to the  World Health Organization , 300-500 million cases of malaria occur each year Malaria results in 1.5-2.7 million deaths per year (much more than AIDS) Most cases occur in Africa and South America Symptoms include fever, headache, vomitting and other flu-like symptoms The protist lives inside the bloodstrea , eventually clogging capillaries and destroying blood cells, which will lead to death if not treated

25. Anopheles moquisto taking a blood meal, this is how a human becomes infected with plasmodium and contracts Malaria The arrow points to the purplish colored protist (Plasmodium), the pinkish spheres are blood cells

26. African Sleeping Sickness (or Trypanosomiasis ) Protist : Trypanosoma Vector: Tse Tse Fly Statistics: Occurs mostly in sub-saharan africa Symptoms include fever, headaches, pain in joints -followed by a phase when the parasite infects the central nervous system, causing confusion, lack of coordination, and uncontrolled sleepiness. Without treatment, the host will die This s lide shows a blood smear of a person infected with trypanosoma . The protist is the purplish colored string-like things. They appear string-like due to a flagella. The reddish circles are blood cells.

27. Giardiasis Protist : Giardia Transmission: Drinking contaminated water (usually outdoor streams and other untreated water) Symptoms: Severe diarrhea and vomitting , the protist takes up residence in the digestive tract. B = Protist, Giardia A = flagella

28. Other Protist Parasites Cryptsporidium - this protist was responsible for a major health crisis in detroit when the city's drinking water became contaminated Amebic Dysentery - also known as Montezuma's Revenge, travellers often contract this in other countries (causes diarrhea)