TB/Tuberculosis/ tb in detail/all you need to know about tuberculosis

Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Examination.
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, requiring a comprehensive understanding of its epidemiology, clinical presentation, and effective management strategies to improve outcomes and reduce the burden of this infectious disease.
For more details,please visit: https://thephysiooofix.blogspot.com/2024/07/tuberculosis-tb.html

1. TUBERCULOSIS (TB) DR.ANEEKA EHSAN (PT)

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO TB STAGES OF TB CAUSES CLINICAL FEATURES INVESTIGATION/DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT

3. TUBERCULOSIS A contagious infection that usually attacks your lungs. It can also spread to other parts of your body, like your brain and spine. Caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis People with HIV/AIDS and others with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting tuberculosis because their bodies have a harder time fighting the bacteria.

4. MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN LUNGS

5. STAGES OF TB

6. CAUSES Infection by bacteria : Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Spread through air : When someone with active TB coughs, sneezes, sings, or speaks, they expel droplets containing the bacteria into the air. Inhaling these droplets can cause infection in others. Weakened immune system : Conditions like HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and malnutrition can weaken the immune system, making it harder to fight off TB infection. Certain medical treatments : Medications like corticosteroids and some anti-cancer drugs can suppress the immune system and increase the risk of TB reactivation. Age : Infants and young children, as well as older adults, are more susceptible to developing active TB. Substance abuse : People who smoke tobacco, misuse alcohol, or inject drugs are at higher risk of TB infection and complications.

7. SIGNS/SYMPTOMS Active tuberculosis symptoms in the lungs include: A cough that lasts more than 3 weeks Chest pain Coughing up blood Feeling tired all the time Night sweats Chills Fever Loss of appetite Weight loss When TB is outside the lungs, you may have these same symptoms along with pain near the area that's infected.

8. SYMPTOMS IN BABIES: Be inactive or move slowly. Have a bulge in the soft spot on their head. Be very fussy. Throw up or have trouble feeding. SYMPTOMS OF ACTIVE TB

9. INVESTIGATIONS SCREENING TESTS: Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): A small amount of fluid containing TB proteins is injected under the skin of the forearm. If you've been exposed to TB bacteria, a bump or swelling will appear at the injection site within 48-72 hours, indicating a possible infection. Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA Blood Test): This blood test measures your immune system's response to TB proteins.

10. INVESTIGATION Diagnostic Tests Chest X-ray: Sputum Smear Microscopy: This test analyzes coughed-up mucus (sputum) for the presence of TB bacteria Sputum Culture: This test grows TB bacteria from the sputum sample to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific strain of bacteria. Biopsy: A tissue sample from the lungs or other infected organs might be needed to diagnose TB. This is usually done with a bronchoscopy, where a thin tube with a camera is inserted through the airways to collect the tissue sample. Molecular tests like Xpert MTB/RIF can rapidly detect TB bacteria and identify rifampicin resistance, a common antibiotic used in TB treatment.

11. TREATMENT FOR LATENT TB Antibiotics to kill the bacteria and prevent from developing active TB disease. Medication continued for 3 to 9 months. Such as, Isoniazid (INH) Rifapentine (RPT) Rifampin (RIF)

12. TREATMENT FOR ACTIVE TB Combination of antibiotics for at least 6 to 9 months. Some of the most common antibiotics used to treat TB: Isoniazid Rifampin Ethambutol Pyrazinamide Stay home from work or school: This will help to prevent spreading the infection to others. Get plenty of rest Eat a healthy diet Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze Ventilate your home: Open windows to allow fresh air to circulate.

13. BCG( bacille Calmette-Guerin) is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease. BCG is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. The BCG vaccine should be considered only for very selective persons who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB expert. BCG VACCINE

14. Directly Observed Therapy(DOTS) The most effective strategy. A health care worker watches the TB patient swallow each dose of the prescribed drugs. During DOT encounters, the health care worker also asks the patient about any problems or side effects with the medication. DOT can be conducted either in person or remotely DOT conducted remotely is called electronic DOT ( eDOT ). Should be used for ALL patients with TB disease, including children and adolescents. There is no way to accurately predict whether a patient will adhere to treatment without this assistance.

15. Pulmonary TB (lungs): Physiotherapy is usually not needed unless there's significant mucus buildup or breathing difficulty. Extrapulmonary TB (outside lungs): Physiotherapy can be helpful for managing pain, weakness, and movement problems caused by TB in bones or the spine. PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT

16. PREVENTION Reduce exposure Hygiene practices Ventilation BCG vaccination Latent TB treatment Healthcare settings ( hygiene and screening of workers) Strong immune system

17. ANY QUESTIONS?

18. Thank you