Tca cycle

tca & Glycolytic Cycle

1. Welcome To Our Presentation Presented By : Saleha Akter Roll: MUH1819012F Aysha Sabrina Roll: BKH1819044F Md : Al-Amin Roll: ASH1819040M Tasniha Tabassum Roll: BKH1819022F

2. Topic We Will Discuss Mechanism of Carbohydrate Breakdown via Glycolic and TCA Cycle

3. Introduction Also known as Embden-Mayerhof-Parnas pathway or EMP pathway It is a flexible or metabolic process . Main way to produce ATP in some tissues Glycolytic cycle occur in some micro organisms when acetate is sole source of carbon This cycle is absent in higher organism Glycolysis is the central pathway used in the breakdown of Glucose to extract energy It is essential for brain which is dependent in glucose for energy

4. Glycolytic Cycle Glycolysis comes from two Greek word Glykoys = Sweet and Lysis = breakdown Glycolysis is defined as the sequence of reactions converting glucose to pyruvate or lactate with the production of ATP.

5. Glycolytic Cycle

6. Steps of Glycolytic cycle Sep-1 : Phosphorylation Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP .Glucose 6 phosphate is more easily trapped in the cell compared to glucose Step-2: Phosphoglucose Isomerase The structure of glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged to Fructose-6-phosphate by glucose phosphate isomerase Step-3 : Phospho Fructokinase Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphoralyted to make Fructose-1,6-biphosphate with magnesium co- fector

7. Continuous …… Step-4 : Aldolase The aldolase splits Fructose 1,6 biphosphate into 2 sugars- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate(GAP) that are isomers with each others . Step-5 : Triosephosphate Isomerase The enzyme triosephosphste isomerase rapidly inter converts the molecules of DHAP and GAP Step-6 : Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphateDehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase converted into 1,3 biphosphoglycerate .

8. Continuous ….. Step-7 :Phosphoglycerate Kinase Phosphoglycerate kinase transfer a phosphte group from 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate Step-8 : Phosphoglycerate Mutase The phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate is moved to a new loaction creating 2-phospate Step-9 : Enolase The enzyme enolase removes a molecule of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvic acid Step-10 : Pyruvate Kinase The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfer a phosphate group from phophoenolpyruvate to ADP to form pyruvic acid and ATP .

9. Significance Of Glycolytic Cycle Glycolysis is the source of almost all energy used by cells Pyruvate the end product of glycolysis provide procure for the TCA cycle and for the synthesis of other compound It is the key metabolic components of the respiratory process in plants It is the only source of energy in erythrocytes Importance in skeletal muscle can survive anoxic episode

10. Introduction Also known as Krebs cycle and Citric acid cycle TCA cycle is the central metabolic hub of the cell. It is the final common pathway for the oxidation of fuel molecule such as amino acid , fatty acid and carbohydrates TCA cycle occur totally in mitochondria About 65-70% ATP synthesized Reduced co-enzyme are produced ATP

11. Tri-carboxylic Acid Cycle The Tri-carboxylic acid ( TCA Cycle ) is a series of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions that form a key part of Aerobic respiration in cell. It was discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 and he got Nobel Prize 1953 for his discovery of TCA cycle

12. TCA Cycle

13. Steps Of TCA Cycle Step-1 : Formation of citrate Acetyl Co join with oxaloacetate to form citrate. Step-2 & 3 : Formation of Isocitrate The citrate is then converted to Isocitrate Step-4 & 5 : Formation of Alpha Keto-Glutarate Isocitrate is than oxidated to alpha keto-glutarate which result in the reduced of carbon dioxide. 1 NADH molecule is also form in this step.

14. Continue …….. Step-6 : Conversion of alpha -k eto - glutarate to succinyl co-A Alpha - keto - glutarate is oxidised to form a 4 carbon molecule which picks up co-enzyme A forming succinyl CoA. This conversion is also formed NADH molecule Step -7 : Formation of succinate Succinyl CoA is converted to succinate (4 carbon molecule ) by thiokinase and a molecule of FADH is produced Step-8 : Formation of fumrate Succinate is oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate and also a molecule of NADH-2 is produced

15. Continue ….. Step-9 :Formation of malate The enzyme fumarase catalyses the conversion of fumarate to Malate with the addition of H2O Step-10 : Conversion of malate to oxaloacetate Malate is then oxidized to Oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase and also produced NADH

16. Significance of TCA Cycle Krebs cycle releases plenty of energy requires for various metabolic activities of cell Provides the reducing power for the electron (hydrogen) transport system ,produces pairs of hydrogen atoms which are ultimately used to provide Energy to make ATP in oxidative phosphorylation ATP Generation TCA cycle produce many important 4-C,5-C & 6-C organic acids as the intermediates during the process It produces simple and harmless end products such as CO2 and H2O Carbon skeleton are got which are used in process of growth and for maintaining the cells Succinyl is used for synthesis of heme

17. TCA VS Glycolytic Cycle Please Try To Make Some Difference Between TCA Cycle & Glycolytic Cycle

18. Difference Between TCA Cycle & Glycolytic Cycle TCA Cycle Glycolytic Cycle TCA cycle refers to series of chemical reactions in which pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA Glycolysis refers to the series of chemical reaction in which a glucose molecule is converted into 2 pyruvic acid molecules A cyclic process A linear process Only occurs in aerobic respiration Occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration Connected with oxidative phosphorylation Not connected with oxidative phosphorylation Carbon dioxide is released Carbon dioxide is not released Produce s six NADH molecules and two FADH2 molecules Produces two pyruvate molecules ,two ATP molecules ,two NADH molecules

19. References www.microbiologyinfo.com www.scienceabc.com www.biotech4you.com www.biolibretexist.com www.teachmephysiology.com www.wikipedia.com