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1. Engineering Chemistry Prof. Dr. Moustapha Ibrahim Salem [email protected] 01005857099

2. The Five Types of Plagiarism Are You Stealing Intellectual Property?

3. Terminology: Plagiarism Plagiarism is the act of stealing someone else's work and attempting to "pass it off" as your own. This can apply to anything, from term papers to photographs to songs, even ideas!

4. Terminology: Copyright Copyright is "a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States ( title 17, U.S. Code ) to the authors of 'original works of authorship,' including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works." ( U.S. Copyright Office )

5. Terminology: Fair Use Fair Use is a statute under copyright law that allows for the use of limited portions of a work that has copyright without having to have permission from the original author. It was created for the purposes of education and research. It’s a little harder to pin down than plagiarism or copyright . I mean, what qualifies as a "limited portion"?

6. More on Fair Use The Copyright Office isn't very helpful on defining what a " limited portion " is. It only states that "there is no specific number of words, lines, or notes that may safely be taken without permission." When using someone else's work, it's best to always give credit where credit's due, even if using only a small part. If you're unsure, then ask for permission.

7. Legal Implications Is it against the law? How is it applied at the college level? Most schools and universities have policies on cheating and plagiarism. ULM's policy (see pages 7-9) is very clear: First offense: failing grade on assignment Second offense: failing grade for the course Third offense: suspension

8. Presenting another’s original thoughts or ideas as your own Using another’s exact words without proper citation

9. 9 When should I cite? Is it your idea? NO Do not cite Is it common knowledge? No Yes Cite it!!

10. Strategies to Avoid Plagiarism Isolate the reasons why plagiarism occurs Identify the different types of plagiarism Integrate plagiarism prevention

11. Unintentional Plagiarism Paraphrasing poorly: changing a few words without changing the sentence structure of the original, or changing the sentence structure but not the words.  Quoting poorly:  putting quotation marks around part of a quotation but not around all of it, or putting quotation marks around a passage that is partly paraphrased and partly quoted. Citing poorly:  omitting an occasional citation or citing inaccurately. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. (7 th ed.). The Modern Language Association of America. New York: 2009. Print.

12. Intentional Plagiarism Passing off as one’s own pre-written papers from the Internet or other sources. Copying an essay or article from the Internet, on-line source, or electronic database without quoting or giving credit. Cutting and pasting from more than one source to create a paper without quoting or giving credit. Borrowing words or ideas from other students or sources without giving credit. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. (7 th ed.). The Modern Language Association of America. New York: 2009. Print.

13. Plagiarism Prevention: Be authentic Develop a topic based on previously written material but write something new and original Rely on opinions of experts on a topic but improve upon those opinions Give credit to researchers while making your own contribution Follow a standard documentation method such as MLA or APA format

14. The First Type of plagiarism Plagiarism of Words The use of another’s exact words without citing the author Incorrect Plagiarism is the reproduction of someone else’s words, ideas or findings and presenting them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement. Correct Plagiarism is the “reproduction of someone else’s words, ideas or findings and presenting them as one’s own without proper acknowledgement” (Undergraduate Course Handbook: 2008, p.24)

15. The Second Type of plagiarism Plagiarism of Structure Paraphrasing another’s words by changing sentence construction or word choice with citation Paraphrasing while maintaining original sentence construction with acknowledging the source

16. The Third Type of plagiarism Plagiarism of Ideas Presenting another’s ideas as your own without giving the person credit Submitting a paper without citing or incorrectly citing another’s ideas

17. The Fourth Type of plagiarism Plagiarism of Authorship Turning in a replication of another’s work Submitting a paper that you got off the internet or from a friend and presenting it as your own

18. The Fifth Type of plagiarism Plagiarism of Self The use of previous work for a separate assignment Although these were you original words and thoughts, receiving credit for a previous assignment is considered cheating

19. The Penalties of Plagiarism Although plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional, both have consequences. A meeting with the VP of Students will be scheduled to determine an outcome Receiving zero on the assignment Failing the course Suspension Expulsion

20. 20 When in doubt, cite.

21. 21 Plagiarism detection software

22. 22 Penalties for teachers, researchers and staff Dismissal from service Demotion to the next lower grade Warning Freezing of research grants Promotions/annual increments of the offender may be stopped University may debar the offender from sponsorship of research funding, travel grant, supervision of Ph.D. students, scholarship, fellowship or any other funded program Offender may be “Black Listed” and may NOT be eligible for employment in any academic / research organization Notification of “Black Listing” of the author may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different websites

23. 23 Penalties for students Expelled/ rusticated from the University and from joining any institution of Higher Education in Pakistan Relegated to a lower class Given a failure grade in the subject Fined an amount Given a written warning if the offence is minor and is committed for the first time Degree may be withdrawn Notification of plagiarism by the author may be published in the print media or may be publicized on different websites University may debar the offender from sponsorship of research funding, travel grant, scholarship, fellowship or any other funded program

24. Functions of References To give credit to others for their work To add credibility to your work by showing that you used valid information sources To help show how your work is related to previous work To help readers find further information

25. References: Importance of Accuracy Studies show that many references are inaccurate. For references to fulfill their functions, they must be accurate. Therefore Make sure that the cited material says what you say it does. Make sure that all information in the citation (for example, author list, article title, journal title, volume, year, pages) is accurate. Often, authors whose work you cite will be your peer reviewers. Inaccurate references to their work will not impress them favorably.

26. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile

27. In-text citation examples 1- APA (American Psychological Association) format example : The sky is blue (Cottrell, 2013). 2- ACS format example : The sky is blue. 1 3- IEEE ( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) format example : The sky is blue [1].

28. Differences Between Citation and References

29. Reference المراجع

30. Journal article components Publication components Identity marketing: How consumers define who they are by the things they buy Sarah Fisher Sandra Hunter, Thing Marketing & Economics 3 3- An Article title, 1-Author(s), 4-Journal title 5- Pages,

31. Journal article components Publication components Identity marketing: How consumers define who they are by the things they buy Sarah Fisher, Somewhere University Sandra Hunter, University of Elsewhere Thing Marketing & Economics Volume 12 Volume, No. 4 Issue 2013 Year pp. 3-6 Pages 3- An Article title, 1-Author(s), 4-Journal title

32. Book chapter components Publication components Making things work: Changes and challenges in implementation Is this a Chapter title, Chapter author(s) or Start page? 68 Is this a Chapter title, Chapter author(s) or Start page? Joanne Bloggs Is this a Chapter title, Chapter author(s) or Start page?

33. Book chapter components Publication components 2014 Is this a Place of Publication, Date of publication or Publisher? Wooly-Darkwell Inc. Is this a Place of Publication, Date of publication or Publisher? Hoboken, NJ Is this a Place of Publication, Date of publication or Publisher?

34. Book chapter components Publication components www.deptofthings.com.au 4- Is this a URL, Department of Things Is this a URL, Title, Publisher or Date? 15 th May 2015 Is this a URL, Title, Publisher or Date? Procedures for the safe storage, transport and handling of things Is this a URL, Title, Publisher or Date?

35. Citing and Referencing Information Sources Using -APA

36. Citing and Referencing Information Sources using -APA American Psychological Association (APA) The American Psychological Association (APA) style is widely accepted in the social sciences and other fields, such as education, business, and nursing. The APA citation format requires parenthetical citations within the text rather than endnotes or footnotes. Citations in the text provide brief information, usually the name of the author and the date of publication, to lead the reader to the source of information in the reference list at the end of the paper.

37. Books and Book Chapters Printed book Each reference should include four elements: (1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title of the work (4) Publication Information. Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work . Place name: Publisher. Electronic books If the item is available online, a retrieval statement or Document Object identifier (DOI) is required after (3) Title. Exclude (4) Publication Information Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work . Retrieved from http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the work . doi : xx- xxxxxxx

38. Books and Book Chapters A chapter in a book When a book consists of many chapters written by different authors, reference each chapter you used. Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book ( pp.xx -xx). Place name: Publisher. Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book ( pp.xx -xx). Retrieved from http://... Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Chapter title. In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book ( pp.xx -xx). doi : xx- xxxxxxx

39. Citations (In text & reference list) Citations in text To cite works of others, APA style uses an author-date citation method. Citations in text are acknowledged with (Author, Date) or Author (Date). Direct Quotation Use quotation marks and include page numbers. Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p. 188) or "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188).

40. Citations A long quotation A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop. Weston (1948) argues that: One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our modern civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the development of crooked teeth. (p. 174)

41. Citations A quotation with no page numbers If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based document), use the paragraph number ( para .) instead. "Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz, Geibel & Zuckoff , 2009, para . 2).

42. Citations Indirect quotation / Paraphrasing Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of text. Giving meaning to specific symbols such as sounds and marks is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 188).

43. Citations Reference list At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic information for each source cited in text. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author, and then chronologically. Start the list of references on a new page at the end of your assignment. Do not use footnotes for referencing (Publication Manual, p.37) References should use the hanging indent format.

44. Citations A citation from a secondary source When you find a quote (e.g. Arnett) within in a work that you have read (e.g. Claiborne & Drewery ) and you wish to refer to the original quote (Arnett), this is called citing from a secondary source. For graduates: Use secondary citations sparingly and locate the original source where possible (Publication Manual, p. 178). In text citation Arnett (2000, as cited in Claiborne & Drewery , 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years. In-text, name the original work as well as the work you have read. Use the phrase 'as cited in' to signify the secondary source. In reference list Claiborne, L., & Drewery , W. (2010). Human development: Family, place, culture. North Ryde , NSW, Australia: McGraw-Hill. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett

45. Citations Periodicals Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead. Each reference should include following elements: (1) Author (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and Page numbers. Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Title of Periodical , x (x), pp-pp

46. Citations A journal article available online Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Title of Periodical , x (x), pp-pp. doi:xxx-xxxxx Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Article title. Title of Periodical , x (x), pp-pp. Retrieved from http://...

47. Citations Online documents / webpages Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place: (1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192). Author, A., & Author, B. (Year). Title of the webpage . Retrieved from http://...

48. Examples - Book One Author In text citation (King, 2000) or King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (p. 34). In reference list King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

49. Examples - Book Two Author In text citation (Margaret & Nelson, 2007) or Margaret and Nelson (2007) illustrated ... When paraphrasing in text, use and , not & In reference list Margaret, L. K., & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

50. Examples - Book Three Authors In text citation First in text citation (Krause, Bochner , & Duchesne, 2006) or Krause, Bochner , and Duchesne (2006) recommend "..." (p. 32). In subsequent citations: According to Krause et al. (2006) Cite all authors the first time, and in subsequent citations include only the first author followed by et al. (short for et alii . - Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et al. In reference list Krause, K.-L., Bochner , S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.

51. Examples - Book Six to Seven Authors In text citation According to Mezey et al. (2002) ... or It is ... ( Mezey et al., 2002) If there are six or seven authors, cite only the first author followed by et al. (short for et alii . - Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et al. In reference list Mezey , M. D., Cassel, C. K., Bottrell , M. M., Hyer , K., Howe, J. L., & Fulmer, T. T. (Eds.). Ethical patient care: A casebook for geriatric health care teams . Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses (…) and finish with the last author.

52. Examples - Book Six to Seven Authors In text citation First in text citation (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010) or The American Psychological Association (APA, 2010) indicated... In subsequent citations: According to APA (2010)... Some group authors may be abbreviated in subsequent citations if they are readily recognizable Note use of square brackets around abbreviation in first example above. In reference list American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association . Washington, DC: Author. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher field. List in the references list by the first significant word of the organization. For group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision.

53. Examples - Book Book - cited in a secondary source In text citation Carter and Beadle's (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever , 1996) research shows that... or In the research of Carter and Beadle (1930, as cited in Crisman & Streever , 1996)... In reference list Crisman , T. L., & Streever , W. J. (1996). The legacy and future of tropical limnology. In F. Schiemer & K. T. Boland (Eds.), Perspectives in tropical limnology (pp. 27-42). Amstemdam , Netherlands: SPB Academic.

54. Examples - Book Book - Republished In text citation (Baldwin, 1909/1980) or Baldwin (1909/1980) criticised ... Both the original publication year and the year of the republished book are included. In reference list Baldwin, J. M. (1980). Darwin and the humanities (Library of Genetic Science and Philosophy Series: Vol. 2). New York, NY: AMS. (Original work published 1909).

55. Examples - Book Chapter in an edited book In text citation ( Helber , 1995) or Helber (1995) concludes by ... In reference list Helber , L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113). Chichester , England: Wiley. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initials come before the family name. It is the book title that is italicized, not the chapter title. The page numbers of the chapter are also required.

56. Examples - Book Edited book In text citation (Samovar & Porter, 1997) or Samovar and Porter (1997) conclude by ... In reference list Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). If you are citing a chapter within an edited book, review the previous slide, " Chapter in an edited book ".

57. Examples - Book Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with author) In text citation (Hwang, 2002) or Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles North Korea ... In reference list Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.

58. Examples - Book Reference book - dictionary or encyclopedia entry (with author) In text citation It is defined as ... ("Social Constructionism ," 2009). Note that the entry is capitalized when used in text, but not in the reference list In reference list Social constructionism . (2009). In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name.

59. Examples – Electronic Book Electronic book with DOI In text citation Lance (2011) argues that... In reference list Lance, L. (2011). Nonproduction benefits of education: Crime, health, and good citizenship. In Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 4, pp.183-282). doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53444-6.00002-X Electronic book with No DOI In text citation (Martin, 2011) In reference list Martin, J. L. (2011). The explanation of social action [ Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

60. Conference papers, reports and theses Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings In text citation ( Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa , 1994) or Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994) published their ... In reference list Shobhadevi , Y. J., & Bidarakoppa , G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour . In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society.

61. Conference papers, reports and theses Contribution to conference or symposium In text citation ( Bochner , 1996) or Bochner (1996) addressed this ... In reference list Bochner , S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Conference, Singapore. Retrieved from http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month of the conference if the paper has not been formally published

62. Conference papers, reports and theses Report - Annual In text citation (Telecom New Zealand, 2007) In reference list Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report 2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-report-2007.pdf If it is an annual report, reference it as a book

63. Conference papers, reports and theses Report from Institutional Archives In text citation ( Whangapirita , Awatere, & Nikora . 2003) In reference list Whangapirita , L., Awatere, S., & Nikora , L. (2003). Maori perspectives of the environment: A review of policy submissions made by iwi to Environment Waikato (Technical Report No.3; Environment Waikato Internal Series 2004/01). Retrieved from University of Waikato, Research Commons website: http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/

64. Conference papers, reports and theses Thesis and Dissertations – Print version In text citation ( Dewstow , 2006) or Dewstow (2006) recommends ... In reference list Dewstow , R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Include either (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) or (Unpublished master's thesis) after the title as appropriate

65. Conference papers, reports and theses Thesis and Dissertations – Print version In text citation (Rose, 2006) or According to Rose (2006) ... In reference list Include either (Doctoral dissertation) or (Master's thesis) after the title as appropriate ( Publication Manual , p. 207) and university's name and location (city and country). E.g. Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd Dewstow , R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

66. Conference papers, reports and theses Thesis and Dissertations – Print version In text citation (Rose, 2006) or According to Rose (2006) ... In reference list Include either (Doctoral dissertation) or (Master's thesis) after the title as appropriate ( Publication Manual , p. 207) and university's name and location (city and country). E.g. Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd Dewstow , R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

67. Journals Journals – Print version In text citation ( Sainaghi , 2008) or Sainaghi (2008) suggests ... In reference list Sainaghi , R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism Review, 63 (4), 40-57. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal title. The journal title and volume number are italicized, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not italicized). If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses immediately after the volume number.

68. Journals Journals - Electronic format with DOI In text citation Shepherd et al., (2007) or Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ... If there are six or more authors, from the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author. In reference list Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65 (2), 377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018

69. Journals Journals - Electronic format with DOI In text citation (Harrison & Papa, 2005) or In their research, Harrison and Papa (2005) established ... If there are six or more authors, list all authors in the reference list. From the first citation in text, use et al. after the first author. In reference list Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36 (1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

70. Journals Journals - Internet only In text citation (Snell & Hodgetts , n.d .) or Snell and Hodgetts ( n.d .) identified "..." ( para . 3) ( n.d .)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in text. In reference list Snell, D., & Hodgetts , D. ( n.d .). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui , 1 . Retrieved from http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka ( n.d .)= no date.

71. Journals Journals article - cited in a secondary source In text citation ( Lilieholm & Romney, 2000, as cited in Suntikul , Butler, & Airey , 2010) or Lilieholm and Romney (2000, as cited in Suntikul , Butler, & Airey , 2010) argue that... In reference list Suntikul , W., Butler, R., & Airey , D. (2010). Implications of political change on national park operations: Doi moi and tourism to Vietnam's national parks. Journal of Ecotourism, 9 (3), 201-218. doi : 10.1080/14724040903144360

72. Magazines Magazine - Print format In text citation (von Drehle et al., 2009)... or Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert... If an author's name begins with a lower case letter appears at the beginning of a sentence, it must be capitalized. In reference list von Drehle , D., Ghosh , B., Scherer, M., Zaidi , S. H., Baker, A., James, R., ...Peters, G. (2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon ], 174 (14), 12-17. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines. If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three eclipses (...) and finish with the last author.

73. Magazines Magazine - Electronic version In text citation Robison, 2008) or Robison (2008) considers ... In reference list Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262 , 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL of the journal homepage. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database and do not include the database URL. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

74. Newspapers Newspapers – Print version In text citation Cumming, 2003) or Cumming (2003) reports ... In reference list Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald , p. B4. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not magazines or journals. p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers are discontinuous, separate page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.

75. Newspapers Newspapers - Electronic version In text citation Cumming, 2003) or Cumming (2003) reports ... In reference list Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

76. Newspapers Newspapers - Electronic version In text citation Cumming, 2003) or Cumming (2003) reports ... In reference list Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

77. Course handout Course handout – Printed version (unpublished) In text citation (Brown, 2004) In reference list Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-11B [Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of Marketing. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or personal collections” In the publication information field, list the organization's name (e.g. university, department), city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture notes].

78. Course handout Course handout – Electronic version In text citation ( Archard , Merry, & Nicholson, 2011) or Archard , Merry, and Nicholson (2011) state that In reference list Archard , S., Merry, R., & Nicholson, C. (2011). Karakia and waiata [ Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from TEPS757-11B (NET): Communities of Learners website: http://elearn.waikato.ac.nz/mod/resource/view.php?id=174650 Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [ Powerpoint slides].

79. Online discussion In text citation (Chalmers, 2000) In reference list Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

80. Personal communications (emails, your own lecture notes, Facebook , etc.) In text citation (H. Clarke, personal communication, March 19, 2004) or Clarke (personal communication, March 19, 2004) remarked that... In reference list No information is required in the reference list as the data has not been published and can not be retrieved. Contents from private or friend-only; Facebook page should be treated as Personal Communications, but information in publicly available facebook pages (e.g. fan page, group page) may be referenced with [ Facebook update].

81. Webpages In text citation (Statistics New Zealand, 2007) Do not write URLs in the text. In reference list Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007 . Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work. It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g. a wiki).

82. Wiki In text citation (University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d .) ( n.d .)= no date. In reference list University of Waikato, Law Library. ( n.d .). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries.

83. Figures In text citation Figure 1 shows that ... (University of Waikato, 2010). In Reference list The University of Waikato. (2010). Student life. Retrieved from http://cms.its.waikato.ac.nz/__data/assets/image/0017/66230/Campus-2.jpg Tables The caption goes above the table, and include the Table number and a description of the table. Italicize Table and the number. Unless it is your own work, the source must be acknowledged below the table with a parenthetical reference: (Source: Author, Date). The full citation also goes in the references list.

84. Citation Management Software

85. Top Referencing Tools and Reference Management Software for Academic Writing

86. Zotero Zotero is a free referencing tool that allows you to collect, cite, organize and share research sources. Zotero comes with a browser extension that automatically senses content in your web browser, allowing you to add it to your personal library with a single click. It automatically picks up the nature of the text displayed in the page and displays a relevant icon in the address bar that represents the content (book, article, etc).

87. The user can click this icon to add the reference to the library. Zotero automatically parses metadata of PDF files and extracts citation information and adds it to the library. You can include the references in your text by simply dragging and dropping citation files from the Zotero library into the document. Zotero supports all the major citation formats. https://youtu.be/Zv-ymPeUn-M

88. Mendeley Mendeley is a free referencing manager and social network that helps you organize research, collaborate online and discover new research. You can sign up for a Mendeley account online and install the Mendeley Desktop Tool in your computer. You can import papers into Mendeley library from your hard drive by simply dragging and dropping files. You can also import reference list from other reference managers or by searching various web databases for papers through Mendeley Literature Search. 

89. You can also use Mendeley Web Importer, a browser plugin that allows you to import documents from anywhere on the web quickly. Mendeley desktop will display a PDF icon next to the paper if the full text is available. You can search annotate and add notes to PDF documents. You can sync your libraries to the cloud to access them anywhere. Mendeley Writing Addins are available for MS Word and LibreOffice which enables you to insert references into your article and generate a bibliography list https://youtu.be/OzFHGFnAM2Q

90. EndNote EndNote is a reference management tool that allows you to import references directly from online sources such as PubMed, Web of Science, Library of Congress, etc. You can also import references by uploading a list of references in Citation Manager format. Alternatively, you can manually input the references if it is an unpublished source.

91. You can insert references in the document as you write using EndNote Word Addin . EndNote supports numerous citation formats. The tool automatically generates the bibliography for the references contained in the text. The cost of full single user license is £209, and student license is £99.

92. RefWorks RefWorks is a reference management software quite similar to EndNote. RefWorks is web-based as in the reference database is stored online. The references can be accessed and updated from any computer with an internet connection. Institutions subscribe to RefWorks on behalf of all their students, faculty and staff.

93. The references can be included in the text using RefWorks’s Write-n-Cite Microsoft Word Addin . This plugin allows users to insert references in the text and generate a bibliography in a wide variety of formats https://youtu.be/iU0dfTYyzBQ

94. Citavi Citavi is a reference management tool that combines referencing with task management. Citavi allows users to search for sources, analyze content, structure ideas and write a paper. You can import PDFs by dragging and dropping files and add books and articles using ISBN. When you find information on the web, you can use Citavi browser plugin to import quotations, pictures, and web pages to Citavi library. You can annotate PDFs and save pictures to Citavi library.

95. You can also make a note of your thoughts while reading a research paper using Citavi Thoughts Option. You can add tasks to the tasks manager window to manage project deadlines. You can structure your paper by creating an outline in Citavi . Then you can drag and drop references, image, and quotations to relevant sections of the paper. Finally, you can download the paper outline as a Word document and start filling in the missing bits of the paper. https://youtu.be/wSbcgeO0yVQ

96. PaperPile PaperPile is a GoogleDocs Addon for managing your references and bibliography. It is a very useful tool if you are using GoogleDocs for writing papers instead of MS Word. PaperPile is attached to your Google account. You can download this app from the Google store. There is a basic version available for free, and you can upgrade for a few dollars to a premium version. 

97. One of the big advantages of PaperPile is that it works very well with other citation managers such as Zotero and EndNote. PaperPile allows you to import Zotero or EndNote citations into GoogleDocs . You can insert citations, format citations and generate a bibliography in a wide variety of formats. You can easily import papers from Google Scholar into PaperPile . If full-text PDF is available for an article, you can use PaperPile to store them in GoogleDrive . https://youtu.be/0r80ecyGlCw

98. Papers Papers is a citation manager and referencing tool that allows users to discover, organize, read & annotate and share research. Papers tool is available for both Windows and Mac. It comes with all the basic functionality offered by other reference managers. Also some useful features are unique to Papers.

99. You can search multiple search engines at the same time for keywords and view one set of results. You can organize your references by annotating, ranking and color coding. You can search your research library by building a complex query rather than searching for simple keywords. You can share your collection with your colleagues using Papers online web interface. https://youtu.be/bvOXtN2FFSY

100. Docear Docear helps you to find relevant literature and remember all the things you read in the literature. Docear is a free tool and is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux. It provides a user-friendly graphical interface where you can drag and drop PDFs into different categories and topics. Then you can directly open the PDFs from this interface and annotate them.

101. The annotations can be viewed by clicking on annotation icon that is displayed next to the PDF in the graphical interface. You can create an outline of the paper using Docear’s interactive user interface. You can drag and drop annotations and references into relevant sections of your outline in the interface. Once you are done, you can download the outline as a document in a wide variety of formats.  https://youtu.be/UrBH_biOv2I