Temperature measurment devices

1. Measurement & Control Temperature Measuring I nstruments Made by: Darshit B Patel(130050119512 )

2. Introduction The accurate measurement of temperature is vital across abroad spectrum of human activities, Including industrial processes (e.g. making steel) Manufacturing; Monitoring (in food transport and storage), Health and safety. In fact, in almost every sector, temperature is one of the key parameters to be measured

3. Scale Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy in the body. Normally measured in degrees [°] using one of the following scales. Fahrenheit. [°F] Celsius or centigrade. [°C] Kelvin . [°K]

4. 1.Bulb: The reservoir for containing most of the thermometric liquid (mercury). 2.Stem: The glass tube having a capillary bore along which the liquid moves with changes in temperature. 3. Scale: A narrow-temperature-range scale for reading a reference temperature . Construction 1.Liquid – in – Glass Thermometer

5. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature ; the small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column a relatively long way up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with  nitrogen  or it may be at less than  atmospheric pressure , a partial  vacuum .

6. Advantages Simplicity in use & low cost. Portable device. Checking physical damage is easy. Power source not require. Disadvantages Can not used for automatic recording. Time lag in measurement. Range is limited to about 300 °C .

7. 2.Bimetallic Thermometer Two basic principles of operation is to be followed in the case of a bimetallic sensor. A metal tends to undergo a volumetric dimensional change (expansion/contraction), according to the change in temperature. Different metals have different co-efficient of temperatures. The rate of volumetric change depends on this co-efficient of temperature.

8. Construction

9. The device consists of a bimetallic strip of two different metals . They are bonded together to form a spiral or a twisted helix . Both these metals are joined together at one end by either welding or riveting . It is bonded so strong that there will not be any relative motion between the two . The image of a bimetallic strip is shown below.

10. A change in temperature causes the free end of the strip to expand or contract due to the different coefficients of expansion of the two metals. This movement is linear to the change in temperature and the deflection of the free end can be read out by attaching a pointer to it. This reading will indicate the value of temperature . Bimetallic strips are available in different forms like helix type, cantilever, spiral, and also flat type . Construction

11. Advantages Power source not required Robust, easy to use and cheap. Can be used to 500 °C. Disadvantages Not very accurate . Limited to applications where manual reading is acceptable. Not suitable for very low temperatures because the expansion of metals tend to be too similar, so the device becomes a rather insensitive thermometer

12. 3 .Liquid Pressure Thermometers.

13. Vapour Pressure Thermometers.

14. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) RTD can also be called a resistance thermometer as the  temperature measurement  will be a measure of the output resistance . The main principle of operation of an RTD is that when the temperature of an object increases or decreases, the resistance also increases or decreases proportionally . ie . positive temperature coefficient

15. RTD Types RTD types are broadly classified according to the different sensing elements used . Platinum, Nickel and Copper are the most commonly used sensing elements.

16. RTD-Resistance Versus Temperature Graph

17. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) Copper lead wires are satisfactory for all the arrangements.  For a given RTD, all the lead-wires should be of the same gauge and the same length , and should be run in the same conduit . Resistance Temperature Detector-(RTD)-2 Wire

18. Advantages Very high accuracy Excellent stability and reproducibility Interchangeability Ability to be matched to close tolerances for temperature difference measurements. Ability to measure narrow spans Suitability for remote measurement

19. Disadvantages Susceptibility to mechanical damage Need for lead wire resistance compensation Sometimes expensive Susceptibility to self-heating error Susceptibility to signal noise Unsuitability for bare use in electrically conducting substance Generally not repairable Need for power supply

20. Pyrometer A pyrometer is a device that is used for the  temperature measurement  of an object. The device actually tracks and measures the amount of heat that is radiated from an object. The thermal heat radiates from the object to the optical system present inside the pyrometer. The optical system makes the thermal radiation into a better focus and passes it to the detector.

21. As shown in the figure above, an optical pyrometer has the following components. An eye piece at the left side and an optical lens on the right. A reference lamp, which is powered with the help of a battery. A rheostat to change the current and hence the brightness intensity. So as to increase the temperature range which is to be measured, an absorption screen is fitted between the optical lens and the reference bulb.

22. Working 1.The radiation from the source is emitted and the optical objective lens captures it. 2.The lens helps in focusing the thermal radiation on to the reference bulb. 3.The observer watches the process through the eye piece and corrects it in such a manner that the reference lamp filament has a sharp focus and the filament is super-imposed on the temperature source image. 4.The observer starts changing the rheostat values and the current in the reference lamp changes. 5.This in turn, changes its intensity. This change in current can be observed in three different ways.

23. The filament is dark. That is, cooler than the temperature source. Filament is bright. That is, hotter than the temperature source. Filament disappears. Thus, there is equal brightness between the filament and temperature source

24. Advantages Provides a very high accuracy with +/-5 º Celsius. The biggest advantage of this device is that, there is no direct contact between the pyrometer and the object whose temperature is to be found out. Disadvantages As the measurement is based on the light intensity, the device can be used only in applications with a minimum temperature of 700 º Celsius. The device is not useful for obtaining continuous values of temperatures at small intervals.

25. Radiation Pyrometer

26. the radiation pyrometer has an optical system, including a lens, a mirror and an adjustable eye piece. The heat energy emitted from the hot body is passed on to the optical lens, which collects it and is focused on to the detector with the help of the mirror and eye piece arrangement. The detector may either be a thermistor or photomultiplier tubes. Though the latter is known for faster detection of fast moving objects, the former may be used for small scale applications. Thus, the heat energy is converted to its corresponding electrical signal by the detector and is sent to the output temperature display device.