Hipokalemia pada neurologi Annisa Dwi Setyani 20224010145 Shofia Diaz Shakila 20234010036 Pembimbing : dr. Sherlyta Tambing , Sp.S T utorial Klinik
Elektrolit Elektrolit adalah senyawa di dalam larutan yang berdisosiasi menjadi partikel yang bermuatan (ion) positif atau negative. Kation utama : Ekstraseluler adalah sodium (Na+) Intraseluler adalah Potassium (K+) Anion utama : Ekstraseluler adalah klorida (Cl-) dan Bikarbonat (HCO3-) Ion Fosfat (PO43-) Konsentrasi elektrolit yang tidak normal dapat menyebabkan gangguan proses metabolism. Sumber : ● Yaswir , R., & Ferawati , I. (2012). Fisiologi dan gangguan keseimbangan natrium, kalium dan klorida serta pemeriksaan laboratorium . Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas , 1(2). ● Waterhouse, B. R., & Farmery, A. D. (2012). The organization and composition of body fluids. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 13(12), 603-608
KALIUM Kalium dalam tubuh Intraseluler 98% ekstraseluler 2% Sumber : ● Yaswir , R., & Ferawati , I. (2012). Fisiologi dan gangguan keseimbangan natrium, kalium dan klorida serta pemeriksaan laboratorium . Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas , 1(2). ● Nathania, M. (2019). Hipokalemia –Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana . Cermin Dunia Kedokteran , 46(2), 103-108
KADAR KALIUM NILAI NORMAL KALIUM 3,50 – 5,10 mEq /L Hiperkalemia Hipokalemia Derajat Hipokalemia Ringan : 3,0 – 3,5 mEq /L Sedang : 2,5 – 3,0 mEq /L Berat : < 2,5 mEq /L
Makanan yang dikonsumsi seperti daging , buah , sayur Orang dewasa pada keadaan normal mengonsumsi 60 – 100 mEq kalium/ hari Angka kecukupan mineral kalium : Laki-laki : 3.900 – 4.700 mg - Perempuan : 4.400 – 4.700 mg KELUAR MASUK P engatur utama adalah ginjal K alium keluar melaui kulit dan urin mencapai 90% dan traktus gastrointestinal < 5% K alium difiltrasi di glomerulus, sebagaian besar (70-80%) di reabsorpsi di tubulus proksimal dan lengkung henle KESEIMBANGAN KALIUM Sumber : ● Yaswir , R., & Ferawati , I. (2012). Fisiologi dan gangguan keseimbangan natrium, kalium dan klorida serta pemeriksaan laboratorium . Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas , 1(2). ● Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2019 Tentang Angka Kecukupan Gizi Yang Dianjurkan Untuk Masyarakat Indonesia Asupan Kaliu
P enyebab hipokalemia Sumber : ● Castro, D., Sharma, S., 2022. Hypokalemia , StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. ● Viera, A. J., & Wouk, N. (2015). Potassium disorders: hypokalemia and hyperkalemia . American family physician, 92(6), 487-495.
WHOA This can be the part of the presentation where you introduce yourself, write your email…
FIRST SECTION You can enter a subtitle here if you need it 01
INTRODUCTION You can enter a subtitle here if you need it 01
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired” —SOMEONE FAMOUS
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that someone important said and can make the reader get inspired” —SOMEONE FAMOUS
Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: They’re simple You can organize your ideas clearly You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation THE SLIDE TITLE GOES HERE!
Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one: They’re simple You can organize your ideas clearly You’ll never forget to buy milk! And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your presentation HISTORY OF BRAIN MEDICINE
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System. The planet’s name has nothing to do with the liquid metal, since Mercury was named after the Roman messenger god HOW THE BRAIN WORKS
A PICTURE ALWAYS REINFORCES THE CONCEPT
A PICTURE ALWAYS REINFORCES THE CONCEPT Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use an image instead of a long text. Your audience will appreciate it
SECOND SECTION You can enter a subtitle here if you need it 02
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it PRESENTATION 02
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest one in the Solar System VENUS MERCURY Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot MAYBE YOU NEED TO DIVIDE THE TEXT
RECOMMENDATIONS You can describe here what the patient shouldn’t do You can describe here what the patient should do You can describe here what the patient shouldn’t do You can describe here what the patient shouldn’t do You can describe here what the patient shouldn’t do You can describe here what the patient should do You can describe here what the patient should do You can describe here what the patient should do
Venus has a beautiful name Neptune is far away from Earth Jupiter is the biggest planet 05 06 Despite being red, Mars is very cold Mercury is the smallest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has rings 02 03 04 01 SOMETIMES, REVIEWING CONCEPTS IS A GOOD IDEA
RECOVERY PROCESS TO BRAIN INJURY The Moon is an astronomical body orbiting Earth MONTH 1 MONTH 3 Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet MONTH 2 Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place MONTH 4 Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings
SATURN JUPITER Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun VENUS MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System Saturn is the ringed planet. It's composed of hydrogen and helium IMPORTANT THINGS
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun YOU CAN DESCRIBE THREE CONCEPTS, WHY NOT? VENUS MERCURY Venus is the second planet from the Sun MARS
HEARING Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun TASTE TOUCH HOW THE BRAIN CAPTURES THE ENVIRONMENT SMELL SIGHT
A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS
DON’T FORGET WHAT’S IMPORTANT MARS VENUS Despite being red, Mars is quite cold Venus has a beautiful name JUPITER MERCURY It’s a gas giant and the biggest planet Mercury is the smallest planet
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD NEUROLOGIST SATURN Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings JUPITER Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet NEPTUNE Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun 03 01 04 02
BRAIN FUNCTIONING BRAIN RIGHT HEMISPHERE LEFT HEMISPHERE CREATIVITY IMAGINATION Venus has a beautiful name Saturn is a gas giant planet Jupiter is the biggest planet Earth is a planet that has life MATH LOGIC Mars is a very cold place Neptune is far away from us
THIS IS A GRAPH! Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Venus is the second planet from the Sun Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
BRAIN OPERATIONS 2005 2010 2015 2020 Saturn is a gas giant 2005 Neptune is far away 2010 Mars is a cold place 2015 Mercury is a small planet 2020 Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
02 A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS WELL Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun 01
Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS WELL Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings 04 03
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun SOCIALIZE AVOID SUGAR Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Venus is the second planet from the Sun DO EXERCISE HOW TO PREVENT BRAIN DISEASES LIMIT STRESS Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet
EVOLUTION OF THE BRAIN Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun MERCURY Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun NEPTUNE JUPITER Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place MARS The Moon is an astronomical body orbiting Earth MOON
03 You can enter a subtitle here if you need it THIRD SECTION
ANALYSIS You can enter a subtitle here if you need it 03
AWESOME WORDS
AWESOME WORDS
THIS IS ANOTHER GRAPH Despite being red, Mars is very cold Venus has a beautiful name Mercury is quite a small planet To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here
USE OF THE DOMINANT PARTS OF THE BRAIN PLUTO SUN MARS Mercury is quite a small planet RIGHT SIDE Jupiter is the biggest planet LEFT SIDE Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
THIS IS A TABLE MASS (EARTHS) DIAMETER (EARTHS) GRAVITY (EARTHS) MERCURY 0.07 0.32 0.39 MARS 0.12 0.56 0.39 SATURN 95.4 9.7 1.22
CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION PEOPLE RELIABILITY INJURIES 300 82,647 20% OPERATIONS 120 78,901 40% SUCCESSFUL STORIES 110 12,045 93%
30% 20% 50% THIS IS A MAP! Venus Saturn Jupiter
THIS IS A MAP MARS Mars is a very cold place MERCURY Mercury is the smallest planet
11,102,006 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest of them all
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention 150,000
KEY NUMBERS 20,000 Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust 30,000 Jupiter is a gas giant and also the biggest planet Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium 70,000
KEY NUMBERS 17,090 Mars is actually a cold place full of iron oxide dust 54,300 Jupiter is a gas giant and also the biggest planet Saturn is composed mostly of hydrogen and helium 80,000 34,900 Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun
WHAT ABOUT THESE PERCENTAGES? 60% Mercury is the smallest planet 55% 85% Neptune is far away from Earth Venus has a beautiful name 2020 2019 2018
25% Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun 50% Saturn is a gas giant and has rings 75% Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun 20% Mars is a cold place full of iron oxide dust
REINFORCE THE CONCEPTS USING MIND MAPS! Mars Venus Jupiter Mercury
PARTS OF THE BRAIN Mars is actually a cold place Jupiter is the biggest planet Saturn is a gas giant and has rings Venus has a beautiful name CEREBELLUM FRONT LOBE TEMPORAL LOBE PARIETAL LOBE 4 2 3 1 3 4 1 2
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Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun DR. JOHN SMITH 31 OUR TEAM Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place DR. LISA JORDAN 33
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