Tenth class state syllabus-text book-em-ap-ts-social studies

Tenth class state syllabus-text book-em-ap-ts-social studies

1. SOCIAL STUDIES
Class X

Sri ArvindSardana, Director

Eklavya, MP

Dr K. Narayana Red
apy, OU, Hy

Asst, Prof

Ind
Dept of History

aa University, Hyderabad,

Prof. Bhupendra Yada, Azim Premji Universi
Bangalore

Dr. KK. Kallash, Asst Prof
Dept ofPol Se, Univesity of Hyd, Hyd

Dr Chandra Shekhar Balacha

Institut of Geography, Bangalore

Dr: N. Chandrayudu Asst Prof

Dept. of Geograpy,S.V University, ipa

Prof. G Omar:
Hyd

h, Deptof Economics,

Eklavya, MP,

Prof. KN
Kaliya Un

Babu, Dept of History
verity, Warangal

Dr. MA Srinivasan, Asst. Prof
DESS, NCERT, New Delhi

SriK Suresh

Mani Pusakam, Hyderabad

Dr. Sukanya Bose, Consul
NIPFR New Delhi

SriAlex. M.George,
Eklavya, MP,

‘Textbook Development Committee

Sri B, Sudhakar, Direct

AP, Hyderabad,

DEN. Upa
Professor & Head C&T Dept

Published by the Gov

AP.Govt T

SCERT

book Pres, Hyderabad.

Reddy,
AP, Hyderabad

ent of Andra Pradesh, Hyderabad,

2. F

3. TT A - -
AA A

© Co-ordinators @

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1

4. “Dear Young Friends,

‘Most of you ate growing up in th
profesion and participate flyin pblicmates ike voting inthe election ts tame youtiedto

4 Century and soon will be old enough to take wp

"understand the ideas, processes and system wlich determine life in our times. These were
‘shaped by people through very hard struggle, sacrifices and great acts of operative actions
{he nest sentuy mols wi be your tim to shape or foe in sia manner We hope this
‘ook wil help you to a small extent by going over with you how he people ofthe lst century
shaped their idea, processes and sytem

ave tong and differing views on many ofthese mater, While you ty to undertand the ls
entry you also therefore need to understand why people hold such divergent views on i and

active activities. Did we properly ae the laa and its resources? The way we engaed in

and itnbuted its ts among ferent peopl, wa just and estate?

Under the theme Contemporary Word and Inds we val xplore th impact of major even
‘ofthe lat century. We will not only be studying what happened over the entre vel, bi lso

‘what happenedin row county including the recent pas People ack not only because they are
‘moved by diferent interests bu also because they ave inspired by different ideas. In the la
‘cent ideas ike socialism, fascism, national, iberalsm gel inTuenced the thinking and
alive action of people, We wil be studying about some of these to,

‘Textbooks at school evel tnd not to discuss contemporary vent, polices and poltic Thi it
ot becane 1810 il to understand but because opinion about ti pl vide ante
feared tha ie wil generate conflicts. However, olive ina democratic wold we alo need 10
Team to handle our diflences and conflicts rather than avoid talking about them. This book ia

painting ow young adulto the world of political debater nd ference, wi
e succeetal only ifthe teaches, student and the political community take in HE sp
ici estrias care to differing pont of view wi tolerance and undentanding
Tey tum ou that this book seem Lo give a particular view point and no represent some other

ow in proper ight, This is very into avoid ste book writer are human and ea
{heir own understanding. When such sues cometo ht iti important fr the teachesto presen
Ie other view points oo before the students and ot rat the book asthe cy or come source
‘of information The students too shotld be encourage Lo read cumentnewrpapers, magazine
fe sted public meetings o get more perspectives on these murs

“This book then shouldbe seen as a string point of enquiy rather than a the end oft

Books can only tll you what others thug and did, At the end of it you need to decide fi
{youself your understanding and what you want to do about the social problems you will be
tudying, You have the responsibility of both understanding the society and acting Lo make it
Deter We oly hope that this book wil el youn thi

Editors

6. This textbooks notto be sen asthe final authority, but has tobe discussed, debated an
“questioned In fa each elupter inthis bock provides opportunity for systematic session on
some ofthe main issues rating toa topic. It would be good the teachers could ensue thatthe
doutinthe dass and discussions conducted along the lines sugested
age ofthe text: lot have boentakento with text of ths book incl iendly
manner However therearcatain terms andjarors that wll need explanation and afin
Testis often trying to give examples that may be suitable to the concep thats discussed. Each
ental ideas, these are often provided a subheadings. In classroom, you may be
3 subheadings in aperiod
textbook uses different styleof wnting, sometimes they arenuraives lke Naim and
Rajeshwarin chapter3,tomake the students understand the difference between both of then
‘with egardtotheirlivtihood and working conditions Thesenatatives elect the fats existing in
the society. In chapter9, the students understand the economy of village by reading the case
study of Rana Village and compare the activities disesed here with heir ovm village economy
There are also some tables, graphs like pie chart, bar graphs in chapters 6,8, 9, 1 and
These are For analysis and discussion so as to come toa conclusionon differents
Ineatiercases, voue come across ata sates anda few ctson Women Protection,
litle bit about RTT and RTE. This year you could ty toknow therole and responsibility 0

ins se el asthe depeetnentsofthegovemmenty reading chapter 2 on Righito Informa

Use afin between questions and end text questions: You ill note that there are questions i
between the text Donotleave out these questions. These are integral othe teaching lei
process, These questions are of different types ~ some ofthem help you torecap, summar,
(al importantideas fromthe passages that youmay havereadout Orthey ae or collecting
moreinformation thats around the concepschscussedinthe previoastopicorsal>topi. Donat
tnytocttethe mswers to these questions, llow the students to find he answers on their own.
Allow them to have discussions amongst eachother in ying to figure ont the meaning of th
questions and talk: about posible an

There are diferent types of questions used inthe book:

They) ak students to write their experiences (i) compare their experiences withthat ofthe
esamplesgivenin he text Gi) compare or three diferent sitions givenin te textbooks)
ye questions tha ask student to ave their opinion about he situation or case study when these
‘opinions areaskedit ned nt be the same Fr all children, allow them to expres thei opinion)

and(4)evalusteaparicularsitunion given inihechaper

7. Teacher may adopt ferent sratgiesin using these questions in the classroom, Some

questions may be written dovminthe notebook, ers may be discussed in small groups

afewnay be wrttenasindividual tasks, nal

tations isimportant to encourage the
student to witeinher ris own words, Avoidinstting al children to wnitetheanswers
insamestyleand structure

There are certain boxesin the chapters. These ar often ational information on the
concepts discussedin the chapter Itisimportantto discuss them in the classroom, and
conductthe activities around but donot

Jude for your summative evaluation

Images used inthe textbooks: We lve also ie use diferent styles ofinngeslike
photographs inedrawirgs, cartoons andposte to Theses taken fom cient historical

points of ine and from diferent sources. Hence justas diferent stylesusedin textbooks
thereis diversity inthe images too. Many ofthe pictures have questions along with the

captions these may be diseusedin the class they wil he

students on te significance ofimages.

Maps, tables and graphs: Mapsin these books tellus about geographic, economic,

attheinformationina
apis, Reading tables and graphs are
more dantyin explaining the comes

Political andhistrial aspects. They ae used to pres

manner You wll also find the uso of ables and

estialin Social tudes. These often provide

Projects: There we différent projets suggested inthe boc: lt may not be possible forall,
berthat we

concepts merely by reading textbook: Projects ts enable students interact with members

projectstobeunderaken isimportant torem hallaspectsof

nt them in cir own manne

ofthe society colleet new information, arange and p
Mal questions fran interview planning fra visto the bank, or creating presentation
that couldineludeimages, tabulated data or graphs bed on teinformation they collecte
sealsoimportantin acquiring Social Studies skills. These encourage children to work

k ad shardens

din groupsand conduct exc

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to ac je contributions of fe
Pune, Dr. Ramani Athi Medical Practitioner Bh

Rao Yerdoor Bangalore, and K. Bhagya Lakshmi Man

le are taken from flickr, wikipedia or other internet sources, under

8. ime shouldbe spent In making sure that children comprehend the passages given in
text In between questions are useful in this context. These questions are of diferent types
hat would include the aspects reasoning, cause and effect, jstfiation, mind mapping /
concept mapping, observation, analysis, thinking and imagination, reflection, interpreting
et. The key concepts have been discussed subconceptwise In every chapter with examples
and aso given in the form of keywords,

1) Conceptual understanding: Promoting learning of basic concepts through inquiry, discussion,
reflction giving examples through case studies interpreting, observation etc

2) Reading the text (given), understanding and interpretation: Occasionally there are case
rectly convey the concept. Time should be given for children to grasp the main ideas,

‘methodology. For example children ving In an urban are can collect information regarding
about the way ierigation / tank facies are made avaiable in their area. These information
example if they collet information about a tank they may decide to draw an station or
map etc along with written material. Or represent the information collected through images
or posters. Information skill includes, collection o informatie tabulation / records and

4) Reflection on contemporary issues and questioning: Students need to be encouraged to
mes. There may not be a single answer to these situations of comparison. Giving reasons

for certain happening process and justification of Informati and interpretative

5) Mapping skis:
Developing abilty related to maps as abstract representation o places ae important. There

ere are diferent types of maps and pictures used in the textbook
photographs used in the textbook, these images often relate tothe text and are nat merely

for visual effect, Sometimes there ar activites Ike write a caption or read the images that

are about architecture etc
6) Appreciation and Sensitivity: Our country has vast diversity in terms of language, cul
caste religion, gender et. Social studies does take into consideration these different aspects

and encourages students tobe senste to these differences,

9. Content Page No

Part-I Resources Development and Equity

1. | India: Relief Features 1
2 | Ideas of Develop 1427
3_ | Prochucionand Employment 2843

4 | Climate or

5 | Indian Rivers and Water Resowess 38-70
6 | ThePeople 71-86
7. | People and Setement 87-100

ple and Migration 114
9 | Rampur: A Village Eecnony 15-129

10. | Giesen

‘Sustainable Development with Equity 59-175

Part-I Contemporary World

The World Between Wars 1900-1950; Part-I

14 | The World Between Wars 1900-1950: Part

‘ational Liberation Mover

sin the Colonies

16 | National Movementin Iia- Parton & Independence

17. | The Making of independent India’s Constitution

18 | independent India (The Fist 3

Oyears- 1947.
19. | Emerging Political Trends 1977102000 264-281
20_| Post- War World and India

Perods Month

Tune
Tume-Tuly
my
tober
tober
Dean

February

my
yc
September

December
December
February

February

10. OUR NATIONALANTHEM

+ Rabindranath Tagor

Jana gana mana adhinayaka Jaya he

Bharatha bhagya-vidhata

Punjab Sindh Gujaratha Maratha
Dravida Utkala Banga.

Vindhya Himachala Yamuna Gang:

Uchchala Jaladhi taranga,

Tava shubha name jage

‘Tava shubha asisha mage

6

Jana gana a jaya he,
Bharatha bhagya -vidhatha,

jaya gatha

nangal

Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he,

Jaya jaya jaya jaya he

PLEDGE

country; all Indians are my brothers and sisters

love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.
1 shall always strive to be worthy of it

I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,
and treat everyone with courtesy. I shall be kind to animals,

To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.

In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.”

PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION

JUSTICE, Sodal, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, bel,
faith and worship, EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; And o promote among
them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of thetndvidual and the un and in

ofthe nation

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY This twenty-sixth day of November,

11. |

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CHAPTER
| Jndia- Reliel Features 1

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Inala Ra Fear

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8 Stal under India Ra stars

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23. Thesunrises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradeshas compared to Gujarat inthe
west. But the Clocks show the same time. How does this happen?
If the Himalayas would have not been in its present position how would be the
climatic conditions of the Indian sub continent?
The Himalayas do not extend into which of the following states:
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Haryana, Punjab, Uttaranchal
Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief ofthe
Himalayan region with that ofthe peninsular plateau
What is the influence ofthe Himalayas on Indian agriculture?
Indo- Gangeti plains have high density of population. Find the reasons
Onanoutline map of India show the following
G) Mountain and ill anges — the Karakoram, the Zaskar, the Patkai Bum, the
Jainia, the Vindiyarange, the Aravali,andthe Cardamom hills
(ii) Peaks -K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Pasbat and the Anaimudi
(Plateau - Chotanagapur and Malwa,
(iv)The Indian Desert, Western Ghats, Lakshadweep Islands
8. Use an atlas and identify the followin
(6) The Islands formed due to Voleanic eruption.
(ji) The countries constituting Indian Subeontinent
(ii) The states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes.
(iv) The northernmost latitude in deg
(&) The southernmost latitude ofthe Indian mainland in degrees
(i) The eastemand the western most longitudes in degrees
(i) The place situated on the three seas
(ii) The strait separating Sri Lanka from India
(ix) The Union Territories of Inia
9. How are the Eastern coastal plains and western coastal plains similar or different?
10, Plateau regions in India do not support agriculture as much as he plain regions
what are the reasons for this?

Using the raised relief map, and physical maps in your atlas make clay/ sand models

fof india on the ground, Use different types of sand or sil to mark different types of relief

features. Ensure heights ofthe places are proportional and rivers are marked. Look atthe
ation map in your atlas and ty to use leaves and grasses to decorate them. May be

lover the year you can also add other features of India int them,

24. =)

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Whose Development ?
If even the idea of what
onstitutes development
an be varied and
onflicting, then certain
there can be diff

the Kudankulam Nuclear

ct in the
Tirunelveli district of Tamil
Nadu is one such conflict

The go
upthe
in this quiet E

nergy needs ofthe county. The peo have protested
nthe grounds of safety security and livelihood, Alongstruggle has ensued, Scientists,
nmentalists social activists who have been critical ofthe project, h

bythe people. Letters of protests to the government state “You

e to appreciate that in nuclear energy we are confronted not only with an immense
power, but also anincredible potential for destruction. We wa standcountry

protected from the radioactive peril. Stop the project. Lo e energy as
an alternative.” The government has responded that the plant has all the safety
measures and, despite protests, is going ahead with the project

e Read this newspaper report

vessel dumpe cased nausea, skin“ dealiogin perroleum ang

tonnes of liquid toxic, rashe: inting, metals contracted local

wastes into diarrhoea etc. After a company of the
dumpsinacityandinthe month seven persons - Coasttodisposethet
Urroundin s were dead, t aste from its ship,
happenedinacityA hospital and twenty six (Ado article by
In Ivory Coast, a thousand treated for Vaiju Nara 16
in Africa. The fumes from — symptoms of poiso

the highly toxic A om

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29. |

ome of citizens in 2001 (in Rupees)
m n
9800 10200

30. |

here an average is used for comparing situations other than
what isgivenhere,

Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development

how thatthe average income in a country has been increasing,
period From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have
become better? Iustrate your answer with an example
From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries a
per World Development Report, 2012
Write paragraph on your notion of what India should do, or ach
a developed country

Table: 3 Per Capita Income per
annum of Select States.

State Per Capita Income for
2 (in rupees)

Ps |

‘Himachal |
Pradesh

Socal sa Wea of Development

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lo: Some Comparative data of Select States

State IMR per 1000 | Literacy rate (%) | NetAttendance Rate
(2006) eo) 0

ns usedin the Table2 4: IMR- Infant Mortality Rate Out of 1000 live children bom, I
munber follen who die within one year

e en eee eee e

Net Attendance Rate Out ofthe 1 oEchidreninage group 6-17, he percent
Jildrenattendig school

32. |

Look at data in Tables 3 and 4. Is Punjab as ahead of
is in terms of per capita ino
hink of other exam iv on of goods and services i
cheaper han individual provision
availabilty of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount
ney spent by th iment or What other factors coul
Fora family in rural area in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in 2009-2010, r
purchased from ration shops account for 53 and 33 percent respectively. The

they buy from markets, In West un, only 11 and per cent ofr

is purchased from ration shops

Human Development Report

When we realise that even though the level of income isimportant, itis aninade
measure of the level of development, we begin to think of other criterion. There could
be a long list of such criteria but then it would not be so useful. What we need is a
small number ofthe most important things. Health and education indicators, such as
the ones we used in comparison of Kerala and Punjab, are among them. C

past decade or so, health and education indicators have come to be widely use
along with income as a measure of development. For instance, Human Development
Report published by United Nations Development P UNDP) compares
countries based on the educational levels of the peop! status and per

itaincome,

L

33. Itwouldbe interesting to look t certain relevant data regarding india andits neighbours
from Human Development Report 2013,

Table 5 Some data regan

013

g India and its neighbours for

ey kes | Se ee
Gamty a A yanet a fndexGiDD kings

5 [ace] eme | coo] werd
Sala [rs | os El
Ta [ss | aa [as
Pais [ss 19 | 13 116
Myanmar | 657 39 94 149
Bangladesh IE $1 146
Nepal Ter 39 157
we

DI stands for Human Development Index. HDLranksinabove able are ont of 177 ecuntisinall.
Lifeexpectaney at birth denotes the average expected

thoflife ofa person tthe ine of bith.
Average yearsof schooling average unbe of
older

1sofedueationn

sed y people ages 25 and

Expected yearsof schooling number of

expecttoreceive given the present enrolment rates

of sehooling that child ofschool entrance age can

Per capita Incomes alculatedinUS Dollars for al countries so that one can compa. Iti also

done ita way sothat every de

llar would buy the sume amount of goods and servis in any county

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Progress in Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh |

than 5 years of educa

a Income; Human development; Publi facilites, Education and Health indicator:

What main criterion is used by the World Bank in classfying diferent countrie
What are the limitations ofthe above criterion ifany

Usually behind each social phenomenon there

xs, and not one. What in your opinion are th
ing in Himachal Pradesh?

37. In what respect is the eriterion used by the UNDP for measuring development
different from the one used by the World Bank?

Do you think there are certain other aspects, other than those discussed inthe
chapter that should be considered in measuring human development?

Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Ihustrte with
our own examples relatedto development

What lessons can you draw about the importance of income from the Fact that
Himachal Pradesh with lower per capita income has a better human development
ranking than Punjab?

Based on the figures in Table 6 fill the followi

Outofevery 100 girls above 6 years of age, girls had studied beyond
the primary level in Himachal Pradesh in year 1993, By year 2006, this proportion
reached ‘ut of 100, For India as a whole, the proportion of boys
who had studied beyond primary level was only out of 100 in year 2006,
What is the per eapita income of Himachal Pradesh? Do you think higher incomes
‘can make it easier for parents to send children to school? Discuss. Why was it
necessary for govemment tori schools in Himachal Pradesh?

Why do you think parents accord les priority to girls education as compared to
boys? Discuss in class

What is he relationship between women’s work outside their homes and gender
bias?

11. Rightto Education Act, 2009 (RTE) declares that all children of 6 to 14 years age
have the right to free education: And the government has to ensure building of
sufficient schools in the neighbouthood, appoint properly qualified teachers and
make all necessary provisions. Inthe light of what you have readin this chapter and
already know, discuss and debate the importance ofthis Act for (i children, and
Ki Human development

Project

Here is an illustration
showing different sources
of livelihoods. Create a
similar illustration and
write caption that would
describe their notion of
development

38. GDP growth slumps to 9 year low =]
India's GOP grew only by in however, expressed
5 per cent in 2012-13. ce a cautious optimism and

The agriculture growth 5 nthe pointed to some signs of

alsomoderated, whilea dismal GDP figures, ery in some

slowdowns was also Finan: Minister, sectors, (The Hindu)

À Youmay have come s thatis being talked about?
What relation does th o nomy? Letus
understand,

Tailor
Basket we
Flower culivator
Tees

Fishermen

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Pre dt AP Government 19

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40. |

Inswer the following question
by looking at the chart

e Which wa

e Which was the lar

producing

e Fillinthe blank
ad
= andservices in India increased
io roximatel times
men en 1972-3 and 2009-10

Agriculture” Industry

30 Seca Sar ‘Prodan an plement

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paddy by farmer to rice mill owner)

md husk by rice mill owner o hoteliet)

SDP isgiveninth y table, Compute the growthrat
1
SDP (nnpeeserores) | Percentage change in GDI Growth Rat
the previous year of GDP
45.16,000

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What do services comprise of?
(Community social and personal services | Public Administration, Defence
Education, Health, Veterinary
activities, Media, Library, archive

Finance, insurance andre ervices of ba office saving
npanies, Life insurance and General
Insurance corporation, services of

brokers andreal estate companie

ol, transport and communication

+ Can you find out some examples of wade, hotels, transport and communication?

I Aercuture Trade, hotels, transport & communication

Industry Finance, insurance & realestate

D community, soci & pers

45. | a

Table: 1 Distribution of Workers in India, 2009-2010 (%)
Sector Place of Residence Sex Lan workers
Rural | Urban | Male | Female
¡culture Sector 7

table and fllinthe bank
rkers in agriculture

lle sector Only a

is in industrial
than 90% of urban workers are
ent in and

‘© Compared to males, female workers are

employment and
nly toa small extent

ree by AP. Government 35

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=

© Look at the above pi

Sector

Employm:
197

stc Product (%)
1972 2009-10

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Narasimha He
attends his office from 9.30 am to 5.30 pm. He
ses his motorbike to travel from house to office
which about 5 kilometres. He gets his salary regu:
larly at the end of every month, deposited in his
bank account. In additional to the salary, he also
gets provident fund as per he rules laid down by
the government. He also gets medical and other

allowances. Narasimhadoes not goto office on Sun:
days. This isa paid holiday. When he joined work,
he was given an appointment letter stating all the terms and cond.

worker, She goes for work at 7 am and re
at7 pm. She travels about 8 to
10 kilometres daily for work by bus
o struction workers get one hour lunch break e
between 1pm and 2 pm. She gets work only
for 10t012 days a month. nthe remaining
days she has no work, and she does not get
any wage. She gets Rs 150 per day as wage

P E | SS Mostly she is paid the wages on the spot in
LIN the evening. When sh

four days at the same spot she is paid after the
February to June. July to January is unseasor

Help Group in her locality, The government pays som 1, ¡Fany death
or major injury while she is on work. There is no help from the government for
treatment in accidents while working. She is also partofa group that works under a
‘mason, There are 6 to 10 workers under each mason,

38

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Table 2 Contribution of or

Contribution (% of total)
Employment | Gross Domestic Prodiet

Sector

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52. Gross Domestic Product Final goods Sectoral goods
Employment shifts (Organised and unorganised sector

‘Improve your learni
1. Fillin the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket

6) Employment in the service sector____inereased to the same es

production (has /has not)

Workers in the_ sector do not produce goods. (service / agricultural)

Most of the workers in the sector enjoy job security. (organised
‘morganised)
A____proportionof labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector
(ange /small)

(9) Cotton is a product and cloth is a product, [natural
manufactured)

Choose the most appropriate answer

Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, isan activity in
@ primay

Gi) secondary

Git) tertiary

(iv) information technology

GDPis the total value of produced during a particular year
6) allgoodsandservices

(ii) allfinal goods and services

(iii) all intermediate goods and services

(iv) allintermediate and final goods and services

(©) Interms of GDP the share of service sector in 2009-10 was
(between 2010 30 per cent
Gi) between 30 to 40 per cent
iii) between 50 to 60 per cent

(iv) Oper cent

53. | a

Find the odd one out and say why
(i) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vender, lawyer

Gi) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constab

Do youthink the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and

services sectors is useful? Explain how

For each ofthe sectors that we came across inthis chapter why should one focus on
employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined?

Discus,
How isthe service sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with few examples

What do you understand by underemployment? Explain with an example each from

we whan and rural areas,

The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issue

wages, safety and health Explain with examples

A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000

e worked are inthe unorganised: ofthe ety inthis year (1997-
1998) was Rs 6000 crores. Out ofthis Rs 3200 erores was generated in the organi

Present this data as a table, What are the ways for generating more

rare y AR Goverment 1

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54. ml

CHAPTER

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Freak weather offshoot of climate change: Experts

le climate
change experts said its

increasingly becoming

dificult topredict future

jeather evento, the
country. For the last tw
years, we have noticed
thatthe weather systems
are behaving ina peculiar

resulting in unusual
weather events,

Het similar ne
these indicator
ime? Invite

development

After obser h
unforeseen situations
like extreme summer in
the country, sudden
hailstorm in Chevella
n of Ranga Reddy
district, cloudbursts in
Jttarakhand and ear
of jest
‘mons a late
retreat, experts say that
jeather systems are

ng in a peculiar

Ongol ‚ed 341
mm rainfall in one da
hich is more than of
third ofthe state's total
annual rainfall. The heavy

have damaged several
acres of crops,
particularly cotton. But

around 8000 tanks

in Andhra Pradesh

no e
dopted om;

asition that happen once in a
llege faculty to discuss these

55. L

|

F

56. | a

i e ea
elle
temperature, * rainfall (mm) for rainfall (mm) for

ring year, Smnetheyear tment atera

Jaipur
1
jew Delhi

From therange of temperatures the above table say whether Jaipur is, in general
potter than Leh, Explain your answer

Compare the climate of Delhi and Chennai, How ae they different?

Read carefully the rainfall pattem for Leh. In what ways is this different from
theoth m your atlas can you find out some other places in the world that
have similar rainfall pattem,

e Identify the wet months for Chennai, How is this different from Jaipus

57. | 8 L

=| a F

58. |

+ In your atlas, compare th
temperatures of Mumbai and Nagpur
for winter and summer months. Hi

+ Withthehelp
y explain th

+ Are ShimlaandDelhilocatedonve
different latitud ke with your
atlas. Is Shimla cooler than Delhi
during summer

+ Why does Darjeeling have pleasant

er as compared to Kolkata

59. | 8 L

Abe the range for the

=| a F

60. L

|

F

=|

61. | 8 L

=| a F

62. In the Indian tradition, a
yearisdividedintosixtwo-
monthly seasons. This
cycle of seasons that the
peoplein north and central
India follow is based on
their practical experience
and age-old perception of
weather phenomena,
There isa slight variationin
the timing of the seasons
between northern and
southern India,

¿rima
shared

India - Withdrawal 0)

‘According to the
nest = Ashadha
Srasvans = Bhadra

Aowayuja = Kartika
Morgsshirs -Pushya

According o the

May June
September = October

63. | 8 L

=| a F

64. | a

What is deforestation’

human action contributes 1

65. L

|

F

=|

66. Weather Monsoon — Insolation
Jet Seams Pressure Zone Global warming
Read the following statements and mark fit is an example of weather or climate
a) During the last few years many glaciers have melted in Himalayas
1) During the last few decades drought in Vidarbaha region has increased
Match the following. Use maps if ou cannot locate the places. (There
could be multiple correct answers)
) Trivandrum, is farther from the equator and temperature
‘would be lower in winter
Gangtok is closer to the equator but not lose tothe
seas and has low rainfall
is closer to sea, and climate has big
impact ofthe seas
Describe India’s climate controls
Write a short note on factors influencing climatic variations in hilly areas and
deserts
How are human activities contributing to global warning?
What are disagreemens between ‘developed’ and' developing" countries about AGW?

How is climate change causing global warming? Suggest measures to minimise the

influence ofthe global warning

Onanoutlinemap of India, show the following
(i) Areas recorded with more than 40°C annual mean temperature
(ii) Areas recorded with annual mean temperature less than 10°C
(iii) The direction ofthe south-west monsoon over India

Observe the following climograph and answer the following questions

A. Which month received highest rai

B. Which months experience highest and lowest temperature?

©. Why is themaximun amount of rinfall between June and October?
D. Why is the temperature high between March and May?

E Identify relief conditions causing variation in temperature and rainfall

67. | a

Hyderabad 17.4° N, 78.5° E

dl

o Maximum Temperature (*C) e

Minimum Temperature (°C) LE

thatarerelatedto climate and weather inyour
emoming is the Sailor's Warming

sailor's

68. Indian Rivers and’ Water Resolirces

le purposes and yet a large
fone and an equally lage part of

69. | a

e Look at the map of river Ganga (5 2) andname
the states which are drain

© From the above map list out the noth-flowing

and south-flowing tributaries ofthe Ganga

1 a

70. |

60

1

sin__ and
nd largest east

which rises near

ahanadi rises near Sihawa in

handruns through

The Tap
ill in the direction off

71. | 8 L

=| a F

72. | 8 L

TT et o
=| a F

73. L

|

F

74. | 8 L

+ | et o
=| a F

75. | 8 L

=| a F

76. | 8 L

=| a F

77. | a

conservation in Hiware Ba

mentary about Hiware Bazar at http

bitly/kothL

1 a

78. | 8 L

eT et o
=| a F

79. | 8 L

rem à
=| a F

80. Flow sesonices Groundwater Drainage Water Sharing Law
Watershed CatchmentArea Drought Percolation

Create a table to describe major river systems in India with the following items:

direction of flow, counties or regions through which they pass through, and relief
features of the areas.

Identifÿ and st arguments hat would support or oppose use of groundwater in various

contexts, such as agriculture, industry ete
What are the different inflow and outflow processes in the context of water resource?

Which of the inflow or outflow processes has most impact in the context of

groundwater resources?

Make a list of challenges faced in the water resources in the Tungabhadra basin.
Identify the solutions that have been discussed in the context ofthese problems

either inthis chapter or elsewhere in different classes

There has been various ways in which changes occurred in the context of water
resources. Describe the positive as well as negative social changes that got reflected
inthis chapter

Which aspects of farming practices were regulated in he context of Hiware Bazar

toimprove the water conservation?

How significant are the laws, people's actions, in the context of water resources?

Write short note based on the ideas discussed inthe last two sections ofthe chapter

Ifyouhave access to internet, visit wwwaponline gov inand leammore about Andra

Pradesh WALTA Act

In what ways is water bought and sold in your area and for what purposses? Do you

should be some checks and balances for this? Discuss

Think of plans fo ige or locality, which implemented would help every

81. |

=|

82. | a

Census in India

In India the first taken in

The first complete census however w
taken in 1881. Since then censuses have
been held regu

population as of 2011 is 121,01,93,422. Out
ofthese 1210 mill

Conducting a Survey
e Bech group oftwoto three ste data from 10 families oftheir
locality. The survey
e + Bach group wil ill inthe details and ables indicated
+ Basedonthetablesprese wil discuss the questions

Occupation

Houschold 2

Before the survey

© The class needs to discuss and arrive at a common meaning for all the term:
used inthe survey form. Otherwise there willbe confusion in the actualsurve
and we wouldnot beable to compare the result of one group with anothe
the help of your teacher discuss the fol

L

83. 1. How woulda “household” be defined? Whom all would you include?
2. For*Edueation”, what are the categories that you would we’

Examples: child below six; studying in school/college, class

school but not enrolled; studied up to class. did notattend schoo
3, What categories would you use for occupation’

Examples: Homemaker, Student, self-employed as.... Unemployed, retired,

ron-employed, senior citizen

After the survey

A) Each group would construct a table to show mımber of people inthe surveyed
families:

Male ren Rare |

B) What is the female/ male ratio for your group? Are the ratios very differen

among the groups? Discuss

Foral

Atschool

| Dropped out

Neverenrolled |

(© Whatisthe percentage of dropouts E children as awh
groups? What are the reasons for this
D) For those above 20 years, what is Ihe average time they have

Findthis for your group Is this data useful

E) Forall pe

‘Occupation

Unemployed

al

How do you classify those who are “working” and o are “dependent” in

your sample?

84. | a

+ Fromiheage pyramid above identify arough estimate ofthe percentage of children
inthe population.

+ Based on your survey present following items in a table: Population, Children,
4

85. | 8 L

=| a F

86. | 8 L

% Sn sde “Tue Peete

=| a F

87. | a

© Find out if there are illiterate
ur vila

st from a cultivator

mpare the type of workers that

findiny iththat of

EEE +

1 a

88. | a

India and it
1901-2011

1 a

89. | 8 L

=| a F

90. | a

nitude and Rate of India’s Population

and write them down)
Total Population Percentage change
Canalis) the decade

so Sn Snes

91. | a

does this imply? Diseu
Talk ples wh th
married bt donot have children, How

many children — do they plan
What re the reason
ur family trace the number of
woman in th

Use he srvey youkave danein groups
and find out total mumber of women
in the age group 45 and above and
number oftheir children. What
average number of child
nan in your sample
factors that inf
about children for Ume

e ink hs aug

thinking ina similar manner?

92. | 8 L

By which year was ll o land in the village cultivated?
How do you think landed people responded to increasing family’s size?
‘What was the response of small farmers, like Govind, when families expand
How far was tube well rigation useful?

Look atthe map 2. Find out if there is any relationship between relief feature:
India and population density Identify major urban centers across the country

Ho explain the high population density in the cti

8 sas RE

93. | 8 L

=| a F

94. Populationgrowih Population density SexRatio Fertility Rate
Population distibution Infanticide Literacy rate

1

Identify the false statements and correct them:

a) Census data is collected every 10 years

b) Sex ratio refers to the numberof female in adult population.

©) Age structure shows us the distribution of people according to their age
4) Population density i higher in mountains as people like the climate there

Based on the following table answer the questions below.

World historical and predicted populations (in millions)

[Region year AENA

mM EE Lose [1.766

s | or aoe 120 [5268

+ Tent how many centuries it took for the world population to double
for the first time
Inearlier classes you had studied about colonisation. Look at the table and identify
inwhich of the continents the population decreased by 1800,
Which continent has been most populous for most period of time?
Is there any continent thats projected to show a significant decrease in population
List out the impacts on society i sex ratio is too low or to
Compare Indian iteracy rates with other counties:
Brazil, SriLanka, South Arica, Nepal, Bangladesh, Norway , Chile Indonesia
What similarities and differences do you note
Which areas of Andhra Pradesh have high density of population and what may be
some of the reasons behind it?
Distinguish between population growth and population cha

are the population pyramid of India with data of thre other countries given

95. + Which county's population

is likely to grow?

© Which county's population

is likely toreduc

+ Compare the gender
balance: What can you tell
about each country's family

and welfare policies?

8. Mapwork
a Onablankmap of showin

state boundaries, plot thes

Wise population density based

on the 2011census by taking

(Ona blank map of Andhra Pradesh showing district boundaries, plot the

distribution using the dot method (one dot is equivalent to 10,000 population)

Lookat following two maps of density andthe graphs on growth of population L

arious aspects of population you studied in this chapter and describe them,

96. | 8 L

=| a F

97. =!

1

98. | a

y village, Draw a sketch map ofa selected area
y had learat earlier. Your map should sh lowing
hops and markets; Streams and drains; some Pubie place
stand railway station et

the public places at points that would be convenient tomost people?
Do you find ny pattem inthe location of markets?
se he houses in clusters? Are they linked to Ihe main road?
alt inthe selected area and find out the changes inthe

during the s and the reasons for this

What amenities should have been provided fo, but has not been done

ss Social sde eue ma Setement

99. | 8 L

=| a F

100. | 8

Tablet

Population of Cy

e 148 e

101. | 8 L

nm 1
=| a F

102. | 8 L

=| a F

103. L

|

F

=|

104. | a

un A contain
situation, iit is a situation featur

Sees
Rainfall

Its mainmarketis 45 kis by
road from the coast

tha

mi

nd

Tehas many agricu

tis connected by

all other plac
Ttis within 10 minutes walking
distance from the river

Field work... Understanding the settlement of your place
production locations you have noted (Farms, factor
hops, quarries eto.) in the sketch map you drew and find out where they
rial inputs from and where they sendtheir goods, Which raw me
om within ent? Similarly, find out whether the finish

vere). Why did production begin here
© Give some example of site features that has inl inthe ares

of situation features that influenced production in your area,

as production influenced by the history ofthe place?

94 Soe Snes People ma Semen

105. |

more vat you can find there. T

edu
pecials

x pli

plu

the

À higher se

What ar el of schooling you Eg
high seh

2 Ifyou

uk

ir pla
date, pc

ant to study beyond the highest level offered in your place

hat kind of professional courses can you join in your place? E

edicine, commerce, technical diploma, eto

professional cour

India

at a map
mbol

many re tiny villages sh
sn table and ar
atthe tp, le

ange the places in decreasin
pr
amp

promi inent places as you go down). Here à

are shown, fill in details for other place

Pre bic by A Goverment

L

ake
the

primary
date).

95

106. | 8 L

=| a F

107. |

Metropolitan — [Citstunine population

don

population bts

All the unbanareashavin
population bet

L

* Greater Mumbai UA (population |
«Dali UA (popalaton

Kolkata

million)
A (population 14.1 milion).

‘ennai 5 6 lion)

* Hyderatnd

Withthehelp of your teacher ident
thedetal

nal populations

population

vith teh
villa

your teacher iden

lie help of your

ne villagesin nearby your an

re erben by ALP Goverment 07

108. | 8 L

Lo identify the names of the cou

=| a F

109. |

$ villagers up in arms against solid waste manage
y ‘StatfReporer The Hind BERHAMPUR, December 14/2042

The propose

cipal
(8M) ha

stumbling

sion

the

Boundary wall

found that
handania hill w

departmen and
ntly to the
Municipal

lished on the land.
So, an alternative

hed f
solid was
planton the 0

the area,
faire

changes every

as per change in
style of inhabitant
Survey

Inter
Corporation (IFC) "is
echnological
cal suppor forthe
ablished,

Berhampur

by the
Municip

110. |

—
“e What is the issue about which t
"Mohuda village are upset?
many people and animals
expected tobe adversely affected
scility?
What was he alternative locatic
the facility and why was itnot used?
What data does the report give about
the quantity of solid waste produced
by Berhampur
Berhampur Municipal Corporation

authorities say that the amount of

solid waste produ

‘musthave increasedin three year

disngree with their

eitlement ite ation Urban
Rural .golomeration egacite
ro Urbanisation

Improve your learning

lement
human life styles change with settlement?
and situation feature ne example foreach from the place

us of India define various kinds of places? How

in order of size and other characteristic

111. |

=|

112. |

Hyderabad city. Mark arrow
lines linking the names ists

e Here isa list of few people. Categoris them as migrant or non-migrant Indicate

the pattem and guess the probable reasons for migrat

Span | Raj lagen
‘own, East Godavari D

Hace Oviya| Hyderabad "ayaa
Jia | New Del London

Hyderabad ogi
Kodndaramapuram

Rania

Talia | Tinmeps
Co no monts) inNellore de

Svat | Galarasrgapar | Vijayawada
arimsugat DL

102 Sa rates

L

113. |

2.1.028,610.328
1307,149,736

Total Population

Total Migs

Mgr within
thestate of

side
but white cowry

aer cout

Read the table again an lete the requir

L

THisis the total percenag
migrants (people who

moved fiom harp

bin e

Ofthetetal magra
() these migrated within
the state of ith

114. | 8 L

=| a F

115. + Inmap | estimate the urban migration to Delhi from UP and
Bihar

e Inma 2 estimate the uraltourban migration from Kamataka
toAP
+ In map 3 Look at Tamil Nadu, what could be reasons out

The 10 largest flows of inter-state
migration (including rural and
urban migration) are in the north
(UP, MP, Haryana and Delhi) and
east (Bihar and West Bengal) with
significant flows between Tamil
Nad and Kerala

Source B= Destination
Magnitude M1 lakh persons

State GDP (2007-08)-InLakheroes
0-02

02-08

Bow-121

Œ2L-181

ŒaL-221

m22-361

116. | a

nal te

TT
1 a

117. | 8 L

=| a F

118. | 8

x construct a table to show the effect of migration f ine

most number of peop

+ Inurbanareas, what are the common sector(s) ofthe economy in which migrant

from the rural are oyment? What are some reasons for thi

|
1 a

119. |

inwestem Mabarashta’

ldap

‚pen to children who come

with their parents? Is it possible to bri

ese chil

ducatin

for six months

Hs? Are I

ane cutters employed onl
What work might they de
ix months ofthe year

sin western Mab

Nasik, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Sata

olhapı
b

and

(Kamatak

lapur

th and Bi

the arid Marathwada region -E

ask and Jal
arbeltforsix months
eharvestin
pin)
ination of migrant

L

120. | 8 L

=| a F

121. L

|

1

122. | 8 L

=| a F

123. |

At a time when the
untry is reeling under
the pressure of a weak
rupee, non-residerit
Keralites are laughing
y to the banks

with remittance inflows

ossing the year-end
target of Rs. 75,000 crore
iv just six months of

la has set a ni
in remittance
year by alrea:

a whopping

year-óniyear

se in inflows as of

75,883

Level Bankers

(SLBC), which has
of the total

deposits in the state
The over

tribute
of the GOP of
ompanies

ducts and luxury cars
ales

tivalof the state
elsewhere in the country
barring Punjab
another NRI b:
theyare down indumps
In the last fiscal

According to a rep
the Migration Unit
Centre for Development
Studies, Thiruvanantha
count for 1,6
times the revenue
receipt of the Kerala
government, 6,2 time
what the state gets from
fer and is more than
penditure

September 15;

L

124. Migration Immigration Emigration Seasonal Border Boundary

Draw atable with following items and summarise various examples in the context of
‘migrant labourers: (1) migrant labour, (2) reasons forthe migration (3) living standar
of the migrants (4) economic impact in their lives (5) economic impact on the lives
‘of people from where they m
Compare and contrast the migration from rural to urban areas and rural torural areas
Which ofthe following could be considered as seasonal migration? Why?
Women moving from their parents house to husband's house due tomarriage
Turmeric harvesters moving from one district to another district in Tamal
Nad for three months ina year
ele rickshaw pullers in Delhi coming from rural parts of Bar for ix.
months a year
Women from Nalgonda district come to work as domestic maids i
Hyderabad
Do you think migrants are trouble makers/ trouble shooters in their destinations?
Just your answer
he following are migrants of different types. Classify them into intemal and

People going from India to Saudi Arabia to work as technicians

b Agricultural labourers going from Bihar to Punjab

¢. Brick workers going from Odishiato A

nna Pradesh
Teachers coming from China to India to teach Chinese to Indian Children
Most children of migrant families become drop-outs." Do you agree with this

statement? Justify your answer

How does rural to urban migration increase the purchasing power of people in ra

Why only professionals are able to goto developed countries? Why cannot unskilled

workers migrate to these countries?

Why are only unskilled workers from India wanted in West Asian countries?

Why are workers from thre states able to go toa considerable extent to work inthe

West Asia

Describe the similarities and differences between the impacts of internal and

125. |

Rampur: A Village Economy

=|

126. | a

The standard unit of measuring,

land is hectare, though in the
you may find land being

din local units such as acre
hectare is

Compare

held with the

TT
1 a

127. | u

1
that are well irrigated. Do
jon fall under this ca

le The following able
land under cultivation in India

in units of million hectares.
Plot this on the graph
ided What oes he graph

1? Discuss in clas

1960
1970
1980

loro

about the crops grown in Rampur Fillthe following table based on
Ihe crops grown in our region.
(Rain, tanks, tube

L

128. | 8 L

=| a F

129. |

a L

e Inmap I shade the small plots of land

© Why do so many families of farmers cultivate such small plots of land

© The distribution of farmers in India and the amount of land they cultivate are in

Percentage of

Cultivated Are

‘Note:The daa here refers tothe land culivaed by farmer. Would be owned or aken on rent
© What dothe arrows indicate? Would you agree thatthe distribution of cultivated
landis unequal in India? Explain

130. | 8 L

=| a F

131. | 8 L

=| a F

132. |

Table 1: Da
December 2011 (in Rupees)
Trans- | Harvesting
ing

ee me mar eff
Pal = givenabove with those prevailing in
your 1 for any of the

s alot of variation acto

man worker get FE

picking cotton for a all day. Yo + Find oot the minimum wage and

that certain tasks like ploughing are
there is no w do you think men 1

primarily by men,
recorded for women. Tasks such a er wage than wom
transplanting paddy and pickin amo job? Discu

primarily done bys
produetion activities that ar men and women. The wages for men a
higher than women, even when th the same job, The State governments fix
common minimum wage tobe paid by all employers (private and publi) within the state

12 Stal under

133. | 8 L

=| a F

134. | 8 L

© Consider thr 1s, Bach has grown wheat on his field though t
is different as in Column 2, To analyse the situation faced by different farme
we need to assume that some conditions are the same forall. To keep things simple
lets suppose the following conditions:
The consumption of wheat by each farmer family ame (Column 3).
The whole of surplus wheat this year is used as working capital fort
next year's production by all the Farmers. The land
Ako suppose, production output is twice the wor alused inpr
all the farms, There is no sudden I
e aupa ota
plan = Poio

+ What happens tothe Farmer 3 in Year 3? ontinue production? What will

he have to do to continue production

135. L

|

125

F

1

136. | id

hat physical capital did Mishrilal
et up this proce
Who provides the labour in this case

Why is Mishrilal unable to increase his

profit? Think of reasons when he could

Hishilal totraders
snd notin is villas

Sn whose lands the shop locas
Wo supplies barto sal shops
protec
a ops requ e
Dino pte
ay sales How will you find then

ome savings? Discuss with your teacher

137. | 8 L

=| a F

138. |

xs of Production Land

‘xed capital

Surplus

ins] Sac under

Labour ing capital

Farm activities Non-Farm activities

ys and the details
ill up the following based on information on

ten years during the Cc

Tandnotavaihbleforeilivation
a covering dwellings, roads,

ponds, grazing ground)

139. 2 Why are the wages for farm labourers in Rampur les than minimum wages’

3. Talk to two labourers from your region. Choose either farm labourers or labourers
working at construction sites. What wages do they get? Are they paid in ash or kind?
Dothey get work regularly? Are they in debt?

1. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use
examples toexplain,

medium and lage farmers obtain capital for farming? How ist different

he small farmers?

6. On what terms did Savita get a loan ftom Tejpal ? Would Savita's condition be different
ifshe could get loan from the bank at alow rate of interest?
Talk to some elderly persons in your region and write a small report on the changes in
irrigation and changes in production methods during the last 30 years,

8. What are the main non-farm production activites taking place in your region? Write
‘brief report on any one such activity

9. Imagine a situation where labour i the scarce factor of production instead of land
Would the story of Rampur be different? How? Discuss in class.

10. Gosaipur and Majaul are two villages in North Bihar Out of total of 850 house
in the two villages, there are more than 250 men who are employed in rural Punjab
and Haryana or in Delhi, Mumbai, Surat, Hyderabad or Nagpur. Such migration is
common in most villages across India. Why do people migrate? Can you describe
(based on your imagination and previous chapter) the work that the migrants of
Gosaipur and Majauli might doat the place of destination?

11. Landis also required for production of goods in an urban area. In what ways is the

se of land different from a rural area?

12 Read again the meaning of “land” in the production process. Give three example

other than agriculture, where this requirement is most significant in the process of
production
13 Water, a natural resource for production, particularly agricultural pro

requires greater capital for its use. Can you explain the statement?

140. =| a L

130] Sac under Gen |

141. |

=|

phones, or vehicle:
Brands available in the market
jedan manufactured in Ind or
abroad? Discuss with your p
other adults and find out how many such
brands were available 30 years ag

Many think of globalisation as a late ile its true

that the present form of globalisation has em to forty years,
therehave been important phases in the hist world, when nations hav
inter. sd. The 19th century witness
reign investment and labour migration.
as movements of goods and capital, it is estim at nearly 50 mil
‘emigrated from Europe to America and Australia. Allover the world some 150 million
are estimated to have left their homes, Hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese
labourers went to work on plantations, and in road and railway construction
projects around the world as part of the colonial plan, Many of these were indentured
migrants. An indentured labourer isa bonded labourer under cont ork for an
‘employer for a specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country or
home. The main destinations of Indian indentured migrants were the Caribbean stands,
Mauritius, Fi, Malaya, Ceylon etc. Living king conditions were often harsh,
legal rights. Many ettled permanently inthe destination
labourers has not been observed in
the recent experience lay there is demand for migration
professional people, but this soften restricted, leading to issues of conflict.

retablo Wy AD. Goverment 13]

L

142. | 8 L

> BEE ou
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143. | 8 L

up a large plant
indra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of
2004, F n

ported from India

company wants to develop Fa a component supplying À
across the

=|

144. |

a L

By setting up their production plants in India, MNCs such as Ford Motors tap the
‚dvantage not only ofthe large markets that countries such
also the lower costs of production. Explain the statement

may doy think the company wants to develop India as a base for mans
ponents For its global operations? Discuss the following factor
stof labour and other resources in India

nce of several local manufacturers who supply auto parts to Ford

a large number of buyers in India and China
will the production of cars by Ford Motors in India lead t
produc

© what ways is a MNC diferent from other eompani

Nearly all major multinai rican, Japanese or European,

Nike, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, H

What was the main channel connecting countries inthe past? How is it different

Distinguish between foreign tr

Inrecerá years China has beenimpor nin how the import
hina will affect

@a amics in China

(1) steel companies in India

industries buying steel for production of other industrial goods

How will the import of

integration of markets for steel in the two countries?

145. | a

Chinese manufacturers st sto India. Buyers in India now
have the option of € Indian and the Chine

heaper prices and n s popular in the Indian market:

hina year, 70t0 80 p replaced Indian toys with Chinese
heaper in the Indian markets than

For the Chinese toy makers,

business. The opposite is true for Indian to

the Indian producers to innov

DENTS
IN, MADE THE
WORLD FLAT.

HAVE TAKEN

146. | 8 L

vs EEE ou
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147. | 8 L

Inihis example, underline th words
d for London describing the use of technolo
and printed in in production

of the magazine is sent How is information technology
through Internet to the Delhi office, The connected with globalisation?

designersin the Delhi office get instructions Would globalisation have been

on how to design the magazine from the ssible without expansion of T

office in London using telecommunication
facilities. The designing is done on

(computer, After printing, the magazines are sent by ir to London. Even the payment
of money for designing and printing from a bank in London to a bank in Delhiis done
instantly through the inte

148. | 8 L

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149. |

The agriculture sector provides the bulk of
employment in India. Compare this to a

ry such as the US with the
hare of agriculture in GOP at 1

developed cou
share in total employment a tiny 0.5%! And
yet this very small percentage of people who
are engaged in agriculture in the US receive
massi f money from the US
uction and for exports
ue to this massive
that they receive,
the farm products at abi ri
Surplus farm pr

US farmers can sell

din other
Ww prices, adversely
affecting farmersin these countrie
Developing countries are, therefo

the developed country government:

have reduced trade barrier

rules. Butyou have ignored the rul

and have continued to pay your farmers vast
sums of money. You have asked our
governments to stop supporting our

farmers, but you are doing so yourselves. Is

this free and fair trade

L

le Fillinthe blank
WTO was started atthe initiative of
countries. The aim of the

> VTO establishes

ain for all

like India have
developed counines, in
have continued to provide protection
totheir producers,
What do you think can be dane o bat
Inthe example on the left e
thatthe US government gives massive

sums of money to farmers for

production. At times, governments

production of certain types of goods

has those which are

svironmentally friendly. Discus

wheth are fair or not

rec urban vy AR Goverment | 139

150. | 8 L

| in recent years, the central and state
|

{governments in india are taking special st
to attract foreign companies to invest in
dia. Industrial zones, call 1
Economic Zones (SEZs), are being set up.
SEZs are to have world class facilit
electricity, wa transport, storage,
recreational and educational facilities.
ompanies who set up production units in
the SEZs do not have to pay taxes
initial period of five years
Government has also allowed flexibility in
to attract f

RO EE
e | ‘flexibly’ for short periods when there is
intense pressure york. This
mo.
en
| further flexibility in labour law

“e How has competition d people
inlodia

«e Should more Indian companies emerge

as MNCs? How would it benefit the

e Elsewhere we read what may be

7 has been

people in India, Find

ut who are these people and why are
they opposing it

151. | a

fag | hat are the ways in which
ON Ravi's small production unit
$ as affected by ris
‘competition?
j hould producers such as R

top production because their

est of production is higher
compared to producers in
other countries? What do you
think

+ Recent studies point out that
small producers in Indian
three things to compete beter

a inthe market: (a) better road

power, water, raw materials,
marketing and information
et improvements and
modemisation oftechnolo
and (0) timely availability of
edit at reasonable interest
rates. Explain how these thr
things would help Indian
produce

+ Do you think MNCs will be
interested in investing in these
Why?

+ Do youthink the governm
has a role in making th

e Think of any other steps that

the govemment could take

152. |

The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International
Development Association (IDA) are referred a
World Bank. Both these institutions have mo

than 170 members each. Countries like United

States of America control the functioning ofthese

Institutions. Even ISA's votingis valued at

16%. Few other countries like Japan, Germany
United Kingdom, France have more than 3 to 6

voting powers. Value of voting by the poorer
ountrie is k y India or China too have
much more voting powers than poorer countrie
World Bank is able to advice and impact the way
governments frame their polices and guide them,

L

153. | a

1

154. What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or contol, production in other

‘countries?

Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and
investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.

How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisa
process?

How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across countries? Explain
‘with an example other than those given ere,

‘Globalisation wll continue in the future, Can you imagine what the world would be
like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer

Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our

‘country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop,

How would yourespond to these arguments?

in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice ofgoods than they didtwo decades back. This is.
closely associated with the process of ‘Markets in India are selling,
goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing
with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that
‘we seein the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in
India because
While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising
and has meant greater

11.Mateh the following.
(i) MNCs buy at cheap rates from small (a) Automobiles
producers
Quotas and taxes on imports are used to (b) Garments, footwear, sports
Gi) Indian companies whohave () Call centres
uwvestedabroad
(iv) IT has helped in spreading of (@) Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
production of services
(©) Several MNCs have invested insetting (e) Trade barriers

up factories in India for produ

155. J

|

156. J

|

le. The foodgrains production ha

146

over the period 1970-71 to
Paddy production inc:

about 40 million tonnes in 1970-71
to about __ tonnes in 2010-11
Another important food crop that
witnessed rapid increase in
production during this 40 year period
was___. Compared to paddy and
‘wheat the productionof ___ didinot

— ==

increase during 1970-2011. This
could be due tc

Read again the section

other natural resources” in chapter 9. What are the possible w
production of erops from land?

Fol aay

L

F

157. J o L

en compared with pad
yield in ree
ar? Di

That factors have contributed to the h

the long period?

re lernen by A Goverment | 117

| e F

158. e L

Net | Changein | Nataly
) |0Pfoodgrains impor government | o foodarans # e

0.000469 x 1000
0.469 Kilograms
0469 x 1000

alculations, fill in the blanks: The per person availability of

{increased/decreased) between 1971 and 1991 but was
(lower/higher) in 2011. This happened despite slowdown in population growth in
ber In future, the government must ensure higher availabili
through,

r

159. J o L

What falls under food gr

‘coarse’ cereals to be inferior grains. Because the:
ink these are rough and unhealthy..On the contrary, these
wholesome grains, They are astaple diet of milions of

inthe dt land regions of the country.
label ‘cdarse’ ce

rice and wheat and looked down upon local food and cultural practic
many prefer to call these cereals “nutri-cereals",

= Zr

160. Agricultural Diversification

Midnapore has red laterite soll. The village was Kaspal in the Borkollah gram
anchayat area. Almost all have tube wells. The bank gave credit to them for
water development... talked to Hari Prasad Samantha, Chitto Maiti and Jhath
Lenka - nobody farms more than two acres. The technology is fairly go
original ie from the univ
paddy. But they make m
fay Potatoes are a craze. The seeds come from commercial compa
‘Agreat thing that happened on the way was dairying. Almost al of
them have between three to five cows, The women folk look after them. This is
now spreading. Farmers know the best pulse seeds come from
and Madhya Pradesh, Their own mustard is good.
The land slopes up from the river. About two or three hundred meters up anda
distance away I check out another village. Around half of the populations poor.
It is a mono crop re h the second crop, if any, depending on the rai
vers are possible, but without a plan and government
ould be cruel joke to talk about diversification to them,

line words and sentences that

deal with agricultural diversifi

and explain why are these essential for

Indian farma

e Write a description about agricultural

diversification for your own vll

L

161. e L

e Recall the discussion on Public
VIIL How
security of

| e F

162. |

© Fillintheblanks
For all India,
percent of pe
total consumption
percent
total
of

from the ratio
hops. This shows
people have to
buy most of thei
quirements from However
And some states lik
be fulfilling peoples’ needs for foodgrain:

PDS and Buffer Stock
of foodgrains mainly wheat and rice procured and maintained by the
government through Food Corporation of India (FCI) is called buffer stock. The Ft
purchases wheat and rice from the farmers in states where there is surplus production.
The farmersare paid a pre-announced price for their crops. This price is called Minimum
Support Price (MSP). The MSP is declared by a government agency every year.

‘The state and Central Governments procure nearly one-third of foodgrains from
farmers. These foodgrains are distributed to people through various mechanisms. In
recent times, the government agencies are procuring more foodgrains than what is
required to meet the public distribution system. if government stocks keep increasing
year after year, less is available (see year 2011 in Table on foodgrain availability). The
government has been criticised that its not distributing these foodgrains to the needy

people. Sometimes, governments also exported these foodgrains to other countries
Do you think itis good idea to export foodgrains and earn a small income whereas a
ge section of people within the country are notable to ood

L

163. J o L

= a CF

164. L

=

165. J o L

© How can an effective anganwadi
center deal with such a situation
fora locality? Discuss,

Indicator Explain in your own, % ofchildre
words the country

fightisploted a 150

aganstaz xdemourshed for along
time, theirbonegrowth
isaflected. Such children

ld remain short for their

e His dificaltto cover thi

Weightisploted Thisindicatesa child who ha

ainst eight lostxeightrecenty Ifgiven
uflcint food se can cover
ts up, quickly.

© What overall conclusions
you draw from the

‘re rate by AB Gemma | 155

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166. e L
JJ

|
isis

167. J o IL

Buffer stock Hunger

the false statements,
o Increase in food production alone ensure food securi o
ant to encourage mono-crop cultivation to ensure food security

Low calorie intake is higher among; th low income

ations have an important rol in ensuring food security

used to address the issue of child nutrition

ly in rural areas. The
04-085 is than the required
ns living in urban areas is
2100: a alorie consumption in 2004-05 and
{he required calorie consumption in urban area
supposing the foodgrain production has been affected ina particular year, because
of anatural calamity, In what ways can ernmes igher availability of
foodgrains for the year?
Use an imaginary example from your context to describe the relationship between
underweight and access to food.
food habit of your family. Create a table to explain nutrition
elements included in it.
Describe the relationship between increase in food production and food security
Give reasons to argue for the following statements “Public Distribution System
can ensure better food security for peopl

‘ree dhéribation by AP. Goverment | 157

| e F

168. 8. Make similar posters about food security

Read the following poem, Aai. Can you write a poem relating to any aspec

a ARE

l'have seen you to make coarse bread and a little

turning back the tide oftears * something

trying to ignore yoirstomach's grow! to feed everybody, buthalffeed yourself
Suffering prehedthvoatandlips_sothereldbeabitin the morning.

have seen you
washing clothes and cleaning pots
indifferent households

rejecting the scraps of food offered
with pride. 3

u

169. |

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172. | 8 L

173. | 8 L

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174. | a

e Environ called ‘natural
m Chapter 9. Why

swvironmentis called natural capital

A munies
1 a

175. \

We, the people of Jalsindhi Village... district habua, are writing this letter to you,
the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, a |

‘We are people of the river bank; we live on the banks ofthe great Narmada. Tis
Year (1994), our Village Jalsindhi will be the first village in Madhya Pradesh to be sub-
‘merged by the Sardar Sarovar dam. Along with us, four or five other villages -Sakarja,
Kakarsll, Akadia and others - wil also be drowned... When the water comes into our

Village, when our homes and fields are flooded, we will also drown - this is our firm
resolve. 6

We are writing this letter to let you know why the adivas (tribal) peasants of
Jalsindhi who are coming under submergence, are preparing to drown themselves

You, andallthose who Ivein cits, think that we who lv inthe hls are poor and
backward ike apes, "Goto the plains of Gujrat. Your condition wl improve. You wil
develop” this is what you advise vs. But we have been fighting freight yeas - we
ive borne ati blows, been to i several times, in Anjanvaa vilage the police ever
ame and fired on us and destroyed our homes. If iste that our situation wil
improve in Gujarat, then why arent ll of us even now ready to go there?

To jou official and people ofthe town, our land looks ily and inhospitable, but
we are very satisfied with Ivingin this area on the bank ofthe Narmada with ou ands
and forests, We have lived here for generations Onthsland our ancestors clearedthe
forest worshinpedgods, improved the sol, domesticated animals andsettled vilages
itis that very fn that we ti. You thnk we ae poor We ae not poor. We have con
structed our own uses where we iv, We are farmers Our agriculture prospershere.
Weearnby tiling the earth, Even with only the ans, we ive by what we grow. Mother

[corn feds us. We have some tiled land in the vilage and some in he forest area On
that we grow bajo, jowar maiz, bad, bat, sound Kad chano, math urd, sesame
and groundnut. We have many diferent kinds of erops. We keep varying them and

cating
What grows in Gujarat? Whe, jo.
twat, red gram and some coton Less to
eat, more to sel We cutivae in order
eat we sell only the excess for buying
| | clothes ete. Whetherthe priceinthe mar
‘i ket be high orlow, we get food nca |
‘We grow so many différé kinds of |
ico, tutal rom au Beton. Wee

176. ‘manure from our own livestock -fromthat we get good crops. Where williwe get sl
much money? Who will know uthere? Which moneylender willgive us moneyeif we
‘don't get a good crop and don't have any money, then we will have to mortgage o
land. 7

Here we brig water to our fields by making channels from streams... lf we had
electricity, then we could also pump up water from the Narmada and get a winter
trop. But even though forty-fity years have passed since independence, there is no
electricity in the villages along the rier, nor is there river irrigation.

We have flowing ter and good fodder in the forest. We don't live as much by
farming as we do by our livestock. We keep hens, goats, cows and buffaloes. Some
have 2-4 buffaloes, some have 8-10. Almost everyone has ten -twenty-forty goats.
From Gujarat people'come to our hills to graze their cattle. Our fodder and waters so
plentiful

The forest is our moneylender and banker. In hard times we go to the forest.
\We build our houses from its wood - from teak and bamboo. From ningodi and hiali
types of bamboo) splints we weave screens, From the forests we make baskets and
cots, ploughs and hoes... We also eat leaves from the forest, hegva, mahia, aml
goindi bhanjan - all these leaves we eat. If there isa famine we survive by eating
roots and tubers. Wien we fall sick, our medicinemen bring us back to health by
Bing us leaves, roots, bark from the forest... We know the name of each and every
tree, shrub and herb; we know its uses. If we were made to live in à land without
forests; then allthis learning that we have cherished over the generations will be
Useless and slowly we will forget it al

We worship aur gods by singing the gayana -the song ofthe river We sing the
gayona during the naval and divaso festivals, describing how the world was made,
how humans were born, from where the great river came. We eat fish often. Fish is
our sténd by when we have unexpected guests, The river brings us silt from upstream
Whieh is deposited on the banks... Our children play on the river's banks, swim and
bathe there, Our cattle drink there all through the year for the big river never dries
Up. In the belly ofthe river, we live contented lives. We have lived here for generation
after generation; do we have a right to the mighty river Narmada and to our forests
or don’t we? Do you government people recognise that right or not?

You city people ive in separate houses. You ignore each others’ joys and sadness.
We live with our clan, our relatives, our kin. All of us poo! together our labour and
Constructa house ina Single day, weed our fields, and perform any small o big task
abit comes alone Gujarat who will come to lend us a hand and wake our work
Three big farmers Come to weed our fields or to cofgtruct our houses?

177. we are all alike here; we share a common understanding. Only a few are tenants,
everybody owns land. No one has alotofland, But everyone has a lite bit, When we
80 to Gujarat, the big landowners will crush us. As early as forty fifty years ago, they
took away the land of the adivasis who used to live there. Even now they are doing
this, And we strangers Be don’t know the language or the customs; itis their rule,
I we can't do the kind of farming that needs a lot of money, then we'd have to
mortgage our land fo them, and slowly they would take it over. they took away the
land of the adivasis who lived there, then why won't they take away ours? Then who
il give us other land? This is the land of our forefathers. We havea right tot this:
Is ost, then we will only get spades and pickaxes, nothing else

Our village gods are all here. Our ancestors’ memorial stones are all here. We‘
Worship Kalo Rano, Raja Panto, Indi Raja. We also worship Aai Khada and Khedu Bal
Our great devi fs Rani Kajol. Her's and Kumbai and Kundu Rano's mountain is in
Mathvad. Ifwe leave al of them, then where will we get new gods from? People
come from al over to celebrate our festivals -indal, divasa and diva For bhangoria,
allofus goto the market where our youth choose their own spouses, Who will come
tousin Gujarat?

‘The landin Gujarat is not acceptable tous. Your compensation is not acceptable
tous. We were born from the belly ofthe Narmada, we are not afraid to die inher
fap.

We will drown but we will not move!

À Bava Mahal

a
e Inthe Chapter Ideas on Development, we read that what is development for
‘one might not be development for another. Use Bava Mahaliya’sleter to
explain this statemer
Create a table identifying the current aspects of living and changes that will
‘occur ifthe tribal people are re-setled in a different state on following
aspects: Food habits, Farming; Finance; Relation with Forest; Religious
practices; House making; Social relations
© How is loss of bio-diversty being expressed inthe letter?
© For the tribal people livelihood, cultural practices and social relations are
deeply connected to he local environment. Can you explain?
Do you think the people of Jalsindhi village are food secure in their present
location?
[you livedinthe above situationhow would youhave responded tothe demand

178. | 8 L

te Dept uy

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179. |

Another important environmental movement is the
IChipko Andolan which started in the early 19705 in the]
[Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand. Like the tribal people |
lof Narmada valley, the forests are a critica resource for the À
subsistence of people in hily and mountainous areas. This
is both because of their direct provision of food, fuel and js
{fodder and because oftheir role in stabilising sol and wa-
terresources. As these forests were being increas
for commerce and industry villagers sought to protect their
livelihoods through non-violent resistance. The name of the.
movement comes from the word ‘chipko’ meaning ‘em.
brace: the villagers hugged the trees, saving them by inter:
Posing their bodies between them and the contractors! axes.
Village women were the main force of this movement. I
inspired many people to look closely at the
ronment sustainability

e of envi

+ You hav against the Kudankulam nuclear power plant in

the Chapter on Ideas on ment. Can you interpret the protest in view of
what you have read here?

‘vironment protection is not just crucial for those communities di

fected but for all of us.” Explain with few examp
e Revisit the class VII chapters on Mines & Minerals in the context of Andhra
Pradesh. What issues of conflict emerge between industialists and people living
in regions of mineral
There has been rapid increase inthe

(Grow in Extraction of Some key
inenlsin Hs

in houandtonnes)
alisation and 1 2008
Jobalisation nom Gry 15250
Using figures from the table on 493000
right substantiate the observation on Ore 225544
[Coni

environmental and human costs of such rapid growth in mining

L

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182. L

|

172]

F

=|

183. the total cultivatable land in India, 92 million hectares is rainfed area and 51
millions imgatedarea. This means neatly 2/3td of cultivable land in India is rain
fed and may not be fit for irigated agriculture, Traditionally, a mix of crops sited
to the dryland conditions were grown in these areas. For example the dryland
agriculture ofthe Decean plateau had a mixture of 16 crops sownat the same time.
these have varying maturity period which results in extended period of work and
continuous supply ofincomes andor food gave. This alsominimised to risk act
‘here at least one crop will ive yield even in adverse climatic conditions, Mixed
cropping also reduced the chance of any insect becoming a major pest. The crops
were so chosen o provide balanced and nutritious food to the land (soi Fertility),
Human population and the livestock

However, with the green revolution emphasis shifted orice and wheat, These
were the erops that were also available through the ration shops under the PDS. The
main cereal cooked at home changed to rice and wheat. As the demand for local
foodgrains fell, over time many of the patches of dıyland were left uneultivat
You may recall that under the Green Revolution rice and wheat agriculture was

encouraged for food self-sufficiency through various govemment policies.

Cultivation of millets on the other hand was neither encouraged, nor supporte

There was not enough research on how to increase the yields of coarse cereals
his is the main reason why the production of deyland erops like millets and oil
seeds sufres

In Zaheerabad mandal of Medak district of Andhra Pradesh, vilagers have
reversed the dependence on purchased wheat and rice. Ital began around the
year 2000 as the women began to reflect on the loss of local food cultures. Mil
lets were the traditional staple ofthe region, which had been lost to rice. Rice is
nutitionaly inferior compared to millet. Besides poor nutrition, people also
realised that they had lost control on what grew on their land. Many fields were
now fallow. Led by a voluntary organisation, Deccan Development Society, the
villagers collectively decided to cultivate the fallow land and the commons. Mil
lets were the obvious crop choice because of ther suitability tothe local environ.
ment. Millets are hardy crops and nutritious.

Cultivation of dryland gave people work. Further, instead of selling the pro:
duce outside, the community started community grain bank. This operated on
the principle ofthe PDS system (lke people hold different ration cards and are
assigned fixed quoatas depending on the type of ration card). Only it was locally
managed, and the grain was the local grain. Instead of the grain traveling hun:
dreds of kilometers, locally produced food was now available to ensure food se-
curity in the village

184. | 8 L

Sustainable development Enviromme

J Improve yourlearning

1. Identify at east ten food items hat you consume and find out how Fr the

have travelled from thei place of production to reach your plate

‘ood item Distance traveled

Many people have argued for localisation of food production rather than
food travelling long distances. How is localisation of food connected to
the environment? Find out more about the localisation movement in food
and organise discussion and debate in the classroom. (If youhave access
to intemet you may like to listen to following talk by Helena Norberg-
Hodge available in youtube website
tps Au youtube comvateh?v=4r06 F2FIK}

y did the people of Jalsindhi village refuse to move out of the village?
Thisis the land of our forefathers, We have aright tot. If this is lost, hen.
ore will aly pepe ane ares thing else Tanya Bara Malal
Canyou explain the statement?

4. “Last, butnot the leat, Ihe key to environmental problem lies in changing
lifestyles that will minimise waste and pollution

That are the various ways in which our lifestyles affect the environment?

amples from your own context to explain.

174 Stal under ‘svat Development with ay

185. |

ind out in which the problems of garbage and
emi e being dealt with around the worl
5. Rapid extraction of minerals and other natural resources would adversely impact the
future development prospects. Do you agree?
Why do you think the effects of climate change may be feltby all countr
ld the average temperature of the earth be treated as a natural res
E
8. What are the lessons to be drawn from the alternate PDS initiative at Z
mandal in Andhra Pradesh
9. “Environment is crucially important for the lives and liveil
ommunities and the lifestyles of local communities are har

environment.” Explain

have read about composting in the context of is asimpl
ethod that you can ty out in your school and hon

oa large size container and make several holes for water rain

yer it with coconut fibres for drainage

er it with a thin la

ble wastes ina layer

+ Cover with soil

+ After one week, introduc

+ mposition, use

rec urban LR German | 175

L