Terms and Ideas

Ideas and Terms
Logical Qualities of Ideas

1. Ideas and Terms Chapter 2

2. Ideas ...

3. Are your ideas BIG enough?

4. Ideas are always conceived of by the mind from reality

5. The term idea is derived from the Greek word eidos, which means “image.” The mind contains ideas which are formed through man’s encounter with reality - with everything knowable through the human mind. “Representation of the essence of a thing in the mind”

6. How are IDEAS formed?

7. “How do the senses help the intellect form ideas?” “How do the senses provide the intellect with ideas?” “How does simple apprehension occur?” ? ? ? ? ? ?

8. Sensation Attention Abstraction Reflection Comparison Analysis Synthesis

9. Sensation Whatever awareness that comes to man’s external senses, namely: sight, touch, hearing, taste, and smell , is a product of sensation Perception- Interpretation of the information brought about by sensation

10. 2. Attention The mind attends to what the senses perceive. It fixes its consideration on multiple objects by the way of partial exclusion, or focuses on a single object by the way of complete exclusion of all other objects. 3. Abstraction Is an act by which the mind discerns what the accidental and the essential notes, features, or aspects of an object are.

11. Example: Therefore, the essential features of an object are those which make up the essence of the object. “This small square red table stands beside a chair” The table may be small or big, square or circular, red or brown, or stand elsewhere but still be a table.

12. 4. Reflection Also called “reflex mental activity” It is the turning of the mind upon itself or upon its state or acts 5. Comparison The mind comes to a direct awareness of the likeness and difference of the object of attention of which the mind has formed ideas.

13. 6. Analysis This is an act through which the mind resolves an idea by means of the essential notes or features of a particular object. The mind investigates those which make up its ideas of a particular object. 7. Synthesis This is an act through which the mind puts together two or more ideas as it makes the essential notes of a single idea

14. PHANTASM A concrete and a sensible image drawn by the mind from a concrete and sensible object.

15. LOGICAL QUALITIES OF IDEAS “2 fundamental qualities of ideas”

16. Comprehension Refers to the totality of the essential notes, qualities, characteristics, or attributes which the ideas implies. (Generic Idea)

17. Extension (Specific Idea) Refers to the totality of all the objects which the idea re[presents or to which the idea extends its application

18. Rules Governing Comprehension and Extension

19. 1. As comprehension increases, extension decreases, and vice-versa. 2. The extension of an idea can be increased or diminished by retaining, or without destroying, the idea. 3. The comprehension of an idea is always constant, whereas the extension of the idea may change continually.

20. Classification of Ideas

21. Origin Ideas are classified as either intuitive or derivative

22. B. Relation In terms of relation,ideas ar e classified as IDENTICAL , DIFFERENT , ASSOCIABLE , or OPPOSED .

23. IDENTICAL IDEAS Are those which have the same comprehension or extension Are those which are non-identical DIFFERENT IDEAS ASSOCIABLE IDEAS OPPOSED IDEAS A re those ideas that are not mutually exclusive, hence, can be joined or compound in the same idea. Are those which are not associable

24. C. Comprehension In terms of comprehension, ideas are classified as simple , compound , concrete or abstract

25. SIMPLE IDEAS Are those which have only one note in their comprehension Are those which have more than one note in their comprehens ion COMPUND IDEAS CONCRETE IDEAS ABSTARCT IDEAS A re those which represent something as a subject together with its determinant All these ideas represent their respective determinants as separate from or not specifically or concretely assigned to or identified with a particular subject

26. D. Extension In terms of extension, ideas are classified as singular , universal , particular , or collective .

27. SINGULAR IDEAS Have only one object, or one note in their extension Are those which have many objects in their extension UNIVERSAL IDEAS PARTICULAR IDEAS COLLECTIVE IDEAS Are actually universal ideas which are taken indeterminately and partially. This means that particular ideas are part of the extension of the universal idea Are those which signify a number of individuals taken as a unit.

28. Definition/Nature of Terms The mind cannot just step up or invest an idea. This means that for an idea to be clear, it must always be correlated with a particular object.

29. Supposition and Appellation

30. The Predicaments (Categories) and the Predicament

31. The Predicables Various ways or modes of predicating universal concepts

32. 3 Fundamental Components Subject Copula Predicate Person, things, animal, event, place, etc. Is, am, I, was, were, are, etc Part of a sentence or clause containing a verb and stating something about the subject.

33. Athena is a dancer.

34. The 5 Predicables

35. GENUS Expresses a part of the essence of a subject which the subject has in common with other species belonging to its class.

36. “Acacia has leaves, trunks, and branches.” Leaves, trunks, and branches

37. 2. SPECIES Expresses the fullness of the essence ( whole essence ) of a subject

38. “Man is a thinking being.” Thinking, human being

39. 3. SPECIFIC DIFFERENCE (also called “ differentia” ) Expresses a part of the essence of a subject through which the subject is distinguish from other species belonging to the same genus.

40. “Human Person” “Brute” Rationality Whereas a human person is a rational animal, a brute is not. Thus, rationality is the specific difference between human persons and brute.

41. 4. PROPERTY Expresses a characteristic or an attribute that is not part of the essence of a subject, however, must indispensably flow from its (subject) essence.

42. “Man is a laughing being.”

43. “Man is a talking animal”

44. “ Man is the author of technology and civilization”

45. Concept Laughing Talking Inventing (as author of technology and civilization) Essence of man Rationality These concepts are not necessarily part of the essence of man, but they all necessarily flow from the rationality (essence) of man.

46. 5. ACCIDENT Expresses a attribute of a subject that is neither a part nor associated with the essence of the subject, but is related to the subject only in a contingent manner or mode.

47. “This table is round” “This man is tall” “His hat is blue.”

48. CONCEPT “Round” “Tall” “Blue” Do not determine the essence of their respective subjects.

49. Definition Latin (definire) - “to state the limits of” or “ to enclose within limit”

50. Definition In logic, the word definition is taken to mean the explanation of an idea (or term) based on its content or use.

51. 2 Kinds of Definition

52. Nominal Definition explains the meaning of a term by way of considering it (the term defined) as a name. BIOLOGY is derived from the word bio , meaning “life,” and logos , meaning “study”; hence, The nominal definition of biology is a science that studies life. derived from the Latin word nominalis , which means “having reference to a name.” Example:

53. explains the meaning of a term by way of recounting the content of an idea with accuracy or completeness. Real Definition Example: “ Man is a rational animal” and “Man is a dipartite creature of body and soul.”

54. In sum, REAL DEFINITION is meant to give the meaning of the nature of the thing as signified by the term; While, NOMINAL DEFINITION is meant to identify or indicate the thing specified by the term.

55. 4 Rules of Definition

56. A definition must be clear or exact. The definition of the term must neither be narrower nor wider than the term defined. “Precise” Example: “A husband is a man who is united with a woman in lawful wedlock.” “A ballpen is an instrument used in writing”

57. 2. A definition must be brief. Must contain no superfluous words- a definition must not be verbose. Example: “Man is a rational, speaking , mortal , and social animal” Speaking Mortal social RATIONAL

58. 3. A definition must not contain the term defined either tacitly or explicitly. Must not be circular in order for it to clarify the meaning of the thing (term) defined (definiendum); the name of the thing being defined should not be repeated in the definition (definiens). VIOLATIONS: “Political science is a science which is political” “A body is anything of bodily character.”

59. 4. A definition must be coextensive with the term or thing defined. A definition must be able to distinguish the thing defined from all other things. Have identical extension Made convertible EXAMPLE: “Man is a rational being” “Every rational being is a man .” “ Every man is a rational being .” “Any rational being is a man ”