Text book of orthodontics

1. TEXTBOOK

"Orthodontics

3. Contributors

Athanasios E. Ahanasiou, DDS, MSD, DrDe
Profesor, Department of Grtedontes
Schoo of Denis

Aristotle University of Thesaoniki

reese

James). Baldwin, DDS, MS
Associate lineal Profesor, Section of Othodoties

Robert Boyd, DDS, MEd
Professor and Char, Departmen of Orthodontics
School of Deny
San Francisco, California

A. Denis Brito, BOS, MDS, DDS, MSD
Assistant Profesor, Department of Orodontics

Donald. Ferguson, DMD, MSD.
Exeeut Director and Professor, Deparment of
‘Center for Advanced Dental Education

associate Dean, Graduate School

Michael W. Finkestein, DDS, MS

Profesor, Depunment of Oral Pathology, Radiology
and Medicine

College of Deny

Deparment of Anatomy and Cll Biology

Collegeof Medicine

lona Cay, Joa,

Thomas M Graber, DMD, MSD, PAD, MD, DSe
‘ScD, Ostby, FRCS
Director, Kenilworth Dental Ressarch Foundation

Witla F Hohl, DDS
Indiana Universi Sehool of Deny
Indianapolis, Indiana.

Robert, ancson, DDS, MSD, PhD
Profesor, Deartment ol Onbodontis
Virginia Commonwealth University School of

David. Johnsen, DDS, MS
Dean, Collegeof Det

Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Jona Cy. loma

Michael Kanellis, DDS, MS
Associate Profesor, Department ol Pediatrie
Denis

Robert. Keim. DDS, EAD, PAD

Program Director. Asis Chairman, Deparment
of Orthodontics

Center for Craiofcil Molecular Bilog

Unversity of Souter Califia

Los Angeles, California

Andrew Kuhlberg, DMD, MDS
Assistant Professor, Dsparmnt of Onhodontcs

Marla. Magness, DDS, MS
Private Practice, Ortodomies
Houston, Texas

Ram S. Nanda, DDS, MS, PRD

Professor, The Ended Chair, Department o
‘Ontadonies

University of Oklahoma

Collegeof Denis

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

6. MI Foreword D

‘ents and clinician appropriate bringin the new
millennia witha io opos tha wil poo both the
Student and chiician wi the very nts nd bes
Formation on orthodontics,

"Tere has been considerable change inthis specaly
since published my first orthodontics textbook o
Saunders in 1961. Orthodontics 1 the oldest and
largest specialty in dentistry, has attracted supe
clincians and has fostered more research via advanced
training of specialists nthe fed than any oer dental
Seva Stentifialy based, evidence-based clin
al practice fs now a reality. There has been major
progress on all front; 16, growth and development,
Siagnosis, mechanoihorapy and interdisciplinar
{eamvork with maxilloftal surgery, perodontes,
prosthodontic, and other dental areas, Obviously, o.
thodontics as a specialty has been successful in
tracing the largest group of resident in traning de
Spite the rigorous S-year graduate degree require
‘ets, Competition for some 275 slots each year fs
Koen, The academie qualifications of those chosen are
sutstanding. Thes resident expect t be challenged
and properly trained

‘Orthodontic indoctrination atthe undergraduate
ental level has ben largely based on existing ext
books, and i hasbeen sees in combating to this

bundanee of riches of bright, eager, motivated es
dent Expectations of proper indoctrination are high
Properly wan texts are a major challenge because of
‘aptly changing echica malena and base soon

advances Yesterday's infomation snot good enough
Üntertunatiy the supply of orthodonti faculty has
mo kept pace withthe demand, There safely ris
today The pain estar exbook hs assumed
mor important rl in the indoctrination of he would
be orthodontist. This book accepts that challenge and
goss beyond
The are sx major sections and a total of 30 chap
tes, writen by 27 outstanding authors, owa-based
Samir Bishaa has called upon prominent faulty men
bers fom his own institution, one ofthe oldest and best
inthe world (Jon J Ravenserof Patric gave into
sive 6 weck orthodontic courses atthe Unversity of
Towa log before Edward H. Angle gave his eck
‘course in St Louis. Ange used much of Parce ma
feral his orm courses, nt always Bring ee.) a
‘din to the lowa Feu ears from around the
‘World have joined the team, giving an impressive
Source a information at wouldnt available rom
This extcrcly comprehensive txt can serve asa
fundamental information source for undergraduate
lor dental species. Ita vertble gold mine
‘oF nformation. Read and cam: read and enjoy?

12963 yy LLé ol lis!

8. contents a

SECTION! GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Overview of General Embryology and Head and Neck Development, 2

Principles of Cleft Lip and Palate Formation, 25,

‘Summary of Human Postnatal Grow, 31

introduction to the Growth of the Faco, 43

Development of the Dental Occlusion, 53

Dental Arch Development, 61

Facial and Dental Changes in Adole:

Etiology and Prevalence of Malocclusion, 83

TION Il DIAGNOSIS

Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning, 98

Cephalometric Analysis, 113

lowa Longitudinal Cophalomatric Standards from 5 Yoars of Age
to Adulthood, 126

Tooth Sizo-Arch Length Analysis, 134

An Approach to the Diagnosis of Different Malocelusions, 146

11. SECTION I

Growth and Development

35. TAP TER 2

Principles of Cleft Lip and Palate Formation

KEY TERMS

CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

41. CHAPTER. 3

Summary of Human Postnatal Growth

KEY TERMS

pen sty roe care
ection change ‘rote euer pus camion analoge
Funcion change a pr romanes

46. Height Gr

47. Maturity Indicators

53. CHAPTER 4

KEY TERMS

BONE FORMATION

Embryogenesis of Craniofacial
‘Skeletal Tissues

55. ‘The Five Sf Intramembranous B

56. Comparison of Selected Physiologic Properties of
CSTE) and Primary Cartlage Important During Growth

60. Directional Changes in the Growth of Various Parts of the Craniofacial Complex

63. CHATTER (>

Development of the Dental Occlusion

mirE Balen

KEY TERMS

pone fern pines temporry open pte (Cane morte
vere ‘ah tema pane name loons once
snore most ment pr

WHAT IS OCCLUSION?

STAGES OF DENTAL DEVELOPMENT

(CHANGES IN THE DENTAL
‘OCCLUSION WITH AGE

Gum Pads Stage

71. CHAPTER 6

Dental Arch Development

TERMS

OVERALL SEQUENCE OF DENTAL
ARCH DEVELOPMENT

DIMENSIONAL CHANGES
IN THE DENTAL ARCHES,

Changes in the Maxillary Arch
(eos Figure 61. A)

Changes in the Mandibular Arch

76. Facial and Dental Changes in Adolescence

KEY TERMS

capa ron

==)

77. Clinical Questions Regarding
Facial Growth

78. ‘Changes in Different Parameter
and 25 Years of Age

Changes in Face Heights and Soft
Between 5 and 25 Years of Age

84. es in Condylar Growth in the 11 Cases
(Outof 45) that Exhibited Puberal Growth Chang

85. ‘Mean Changes During the 2 Years of Maximum Growth Velocity (Maxima
Period) the 2 Years Prior (Premaximum Period), and the 2 Years Following
(Postmaximum Pe

90. Summary of Facial Changes

93. CHAPTERS

Etiology and Prevalence of Malocclusion

KEY TERMS

gene ona lr rm pan to

ETIOLOGY OF MALOCCLUSION cit important
out ei LD to preven, Irc, and rat RE ete 0 opi
cell problems. The etiology of malocelusion à

the study orit cause or eases Malocelusion have Influence of Heredity on Skeletal

to Basi eases: (1) hereditary or gene factors and
(2) environmental fctors Knowledge ofherediary and Dental Variables

factors helps a clinician pian and execute reat Harris and Johnson studied the heritability of sele
that effectively addresses genetic causes. Knowledge tal and tooth-based variables in a longitudinal sty
ofenv Dsibshipe a. 14, and 20 years of ago. Esti

sons © m ot hertabily fr sach phenätypie or morphologic
Inflcnee Variable stud were derived from intraclass corr
the teth om lation between siblings) computed by analysis ol
an environmental factor such a thumbsuckng variance. Heribli for measured variables in br
prevent ithe habits stopped before Le ings was defined as twice te inraclasscomeaton.
{years ina child who ls experiencing normal cranio- Thé theoretic upper limi ofthe genetic contribution
faba and cela development. Thumbsucking inter fr a fistedegee relative (a sibling) isa heat
‘cepted in older children wth mined demon may, if esimate of SO, but bcauseof sampling Action.
Soppsd require no addtional treatment; however, — and environmental covariation (enhanced acquired
many older ehldren and adolescents may need ortho- similarity) heritability estimates can execed 50

one treatment toco ofthe habit, On wilh an upper boundary greater han 100%. À her
kt other hand. when thumbsucking occurs in a child tabi estimate of 50% implis tht a measured va

‘who has a developing Clase 11 Division 1 m Abe à under considerable genetic control whereas
Sion. the habit factor super heritability estate nca 0% implies tha variable
perhaps several other factors including heredity. ix inluenced primarily by environmental Factors,
Stopping ho habi in the cid with a Cas IT maloe- Twenysnine skeletal cramemcti variables showed

1905 oué ol Lt!

97. Frequency of Malocclusion in American White Children and Adolescents
According to Angle's Classification

Frequency of Malocclusion in American Black Adolescents 12 to 14 Years
Old According to Angle's Classfication™>

Frequency of Malocclusion in American Chippewa Indian Children
and Adolescents 6 to 18 Years Old According to Angle's Classification?”

98. Treatment Priority Index Scores for United State
Children and Youths, 1963-1970"

100. Distribution of Maxillary and Mandibular
Ineisor Alignment Scores Among Americans.
‘Ages 8 to 50 Years, 1968-1991"

Average Maxillary and Mandibular Incisor Alignment
res by Age Group, Gender, and Race-Ethnicity
of Americans Ages 8 to 50 Years, 1988-1991"7

101. Prevalence of Maxillary Diastema =9 mm by Age
Group, Gender, and Race-Ethniciy of Americans
‘Ages 8 to 50 Years, 1988-1991"7

Prevalence of Posterior Crossbite by Age Group,
Gender, and Race-Ethnicity of Americans Ages.
810 50 Years, 1968-1991"

102. Distribution of Persons with Posterior Crossbite by Maxillary Alignment
Category, Age Group, Gender, and Race-Ethnicty of Americans
Ages 8 t0 50 Years, 1988-1991

Distribution of Overjet Among Americans
‘Ages 8 to 50 Years, 1988-1991

103. Ethnicity

Distribution of Overbi
for Americans Ages 8 to 50
Years, 1988-1

104. ‘Average Open Bite for Americans Ages 8 to 5
Bite by Age Group, Gender,
Ethnicity, 1988-1910

107. u SECTION H "

DIAGNOSIS

u

111. Normal Occlusion in the Adult Dentition

121. TABLE |
9

Arch Widths in White Adults with Normal Occlusio

123. CHAPTER 10

Cephalometric Analysis

KEY TERMS

Sion, mandibular prognarhism. long and short ant
igs and excessive senal growth ofthe
mail, These features are associated with the three
‘acta profile types straight, convex, and concave
Cephalometric radiographs enable clinicians to quan
ify facial and dental relationships and thereby ass
the exten to which à patient dev

‘om normal facial and dental morphologies, By
Somparing anatomie reltionships in an individual
patito ho relationships found in a group of per

Eons with normal occlusion. the normality of ap

Jen an be determined

‘Standardized cephalometi xrays are akon by or
hedonista an ld in dagnosi 1 evaluate the pre
ment deal and facil relationships of patent,
to evaluate changes during treatment and to assess
oth movement and facial growth st he end of tte
ment On the eephlometi i, th ea Be related
‘oer teeth, tthe jas in which th indie
«rana! structures The maxila and mandible can be

Dum, and the sof tique profil ean be evaluated

‘cephalometric analysts sone of several dignos
aids. Anormodomie diagnosis eanno be made solely
onthe basis of cephalometric analysis. tis a valuable
sid in orhadoni diagnosis only ifs findings are sor.
Foc and wisely interpetd ith the help of other
sanos ais.

CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPHY
(TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS)

A cephalometric xy apparatus consists of an x-ray
producing machin that i placed a fixed distance from
à devis tit holds the cry fm and positon the par
tins Read. The standard lateral and posteronteior

ally taken with the pate in enti 0
an individual inthe sme cephalomere ay apparse
tus. Standardization is necessary forthe study of
‘roth and meatment progress,

125. Cephalometric Landmark Definitions and Locations

127. Cephalometric Planes

129. [E | roe ne rc sin vena nents

132. American Board of Orth
m

136. CHARTER 11

lowa Longitudinal Cephalometric Standards
from 5 Years of Age to Adulthood

KEY TERMS

Po dan tan

such data ine every S Meredith and L. Bodine Higley. Th
Sonics has been rather limited and substituted by

os oué ol Lil

144. CHARTER Zz

Tooth Size-Arch Length Analysis

KEY TERMS

MEASUREMENT OF TOOTH SIZE-
‘ARCH LENGTH RELATIONSHIP
THE ADULT DENTITION

146. DA | Ways the TSALD Can Be Expre

152. Prediction of the Widths of the Permanent Canines and Premolars in Milimeters.
in the Upper and Lower Arches

156. CHAPTER 13

An Approach to the Diagnosis
of Different Malocclusions

KEY TERMS

tego ime ang Spence Tinte sc

RECORDS

vised to
we a malocelusion to both the parent and

apts include bot intraoral a

Shar should be gained from ts. The extmoral ph

rent versus one that requires comprehensive ortho
(on

13905 QUE ol sl

159. 5 Diagnostic Prameters to Be Evaluted (Part 1012)

160. Diagnostic Parameters to Be Evaluated (Part 2 of 2

161. de Parameters to Be Evaluat

166. Treatment: Diastema Closure

174. (55 6 yLlá ci Lil

182. El ComprehenieTesinent Severs Govang