TEXTILE FIBRES - INTRODUCTION & CLASSIFICATION

Mrs.B.Ameena Beebi
Assistant Professor
Department of Home Science
V V Vanniaperumal College for Women, Virudhunagar

1. Textile FibRES Presented by B.AMEENA BEEBI V V Vanniaperumal College for Women Virudhunagar

2. What is fibre or textile fibre? Fibre: The material , which consists fibrous structure and length is thousand times higher than its width is called fibre. Technically the term “fibre” or textile fibre means a unit of matter which is capable of being spun into a yarn or made into a fabric of any nature or character.

3. General properties of textile fibres Staple Fibres : Short length fibres which measured in inches. E.g. ¾ inch to 18 inch. Filament : long length which is measured in yeards or meter. Texture: It is tactile sensation experienced when hand passed over a surface. Resilience : it means that when fibre is compressed and later when the pressure is released. Luster : it is seen when light reflected from surface. Static Electricity: It is generated by the friction of a fabric. Crimp : wool fibre is more or less wavy and had twist. This waviness is termed as crimp. Elasticity : It is ability to return its original size.

4. Classification of textile fibres According to the source textile fibres classified into two ways: Fiber Natural Manmade

5. Natural fibres Natural fibres Vegetable E.g. cotton Linen Kapok Jute etc Animal Eg . Silk Wool etc Mineral Eg . Asbestos

6. Manemade fibres Regenerated cellulose Eg.Nitro cellulose rayon, viscose rayon Synthetics Eg . Polyester, Nylon ,acrylic etc Acetate cellulose Eg . Nylon

7. Cotton Cotton is obtained plant source and it is classified as a natural material as it is obtained from the seeds of cellulose seed fibre staple fibre measuring 1065mm in length and white to beige in color in its natural state.

8. Properties of cellulose fibre- cotton Cotton is a soft, absorbent and breathable natural fibre, making it the perfect fibre for clothing Cotton keeps the body cool in summer and warm in winter because it is a good conductor of heat  Cotton is non-allergenic and, unlike synthetic fibres, cotton fibre is a natural product that contains no chemicals Cotton, due to its unique fibre structure, breathes better and is more comfortable than oil-based synthetic fabrics Cotton is one of the easiest fabrics to dye due to its natural whiteness and high rate of absorbency Cotton holds up to 27 times its own weight in water and becomes stronger when wet Cotton can’t hold an electric charge.

9. Manufacture of cotton fibres from cotton Cotton pods Ginning (Removal of Seeds) Lap Formation Carding and combing Drawing Roving Spinning W eaving and Dying Finishing

10. Uses of cotton Cottonis also used to make home furnishings Cotton fibre is used as yarn and threads in a wide range of clothing

11. Rayon Rayon is an artificial, man made or synthetic firbre made from cellulose.

12. Properties of Rayon fabrics Rayon is a versatile fiber Rayon is very soft, cool comfortable and very good absorbent property but could not be able to protect body heat and used in humid steamy climatic conditions. Rayon fibre has the same comfort property as natural fibres. Rayon can replicate the feel and texture of silk,  cotton,linen and wool. Rayon can easily be dyed in variety of  colors . Rayon has very lower elastic recovery of any fibre. rayon is very stronger and reveals good durability. rayon can be machine washed.

13. Manufacture of rayons The viscose Process: Steeping Cellulose Dissolving Xanthation Filtration Extruction

14. Uses of Rayon Fiber Apparel : Accessories, dresses, jackets ,sports shirt, sportswear, suit, ties, work clothes. Home Furnishings : Bed spreads, blankets, curtains, sheets, table clothes. Industrial Uses : Industrial products, medical products, non-woven products.

15. Silk silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into textiles. It is obtained from the cocoon of the silk worm larva, in the process known as sericulture. It is also called Queen of the fibers .

16. Various types of silk Wild silk Waste silk or silk noil Dupion Raw silk Spun silk

17. Properties of silk Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers but loses up to 20% of its strength when wet. It has a good moisture regain of 11%. Its elasticity is moderate to poor: if elongated even a small amount, it remains stretched. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left dirty. Strong alkaliesdamage fiber It is resistant to most mineral acids, except for sulfuric acid, which dissolves it. It is yellowed by perspiration.

18. Uses of Silk use in high-fashion clothes. It is used in sewing thread for high quality articles, particularly silkapparel , and in a range of household textiles, including upholstery, wall coverings and rugs and carpets. upholstery, wall coverings and rugs and carpets. It is also being used as surgical sutures (below) - silkdoes not cause inflammatory reactions and is absorbed or degraded after wounds heal.

19. wool Wool is a natural protein fiber . The finest wool is collect from young sheep. Sheared wool is called fleece or clip wool and wool taken from the hides of slaughtered animal is called pulled wool which is inferior in quality to fleece or clip wool.

20. Chemical composition of wool Components Percentages Keratin 33% Dust 26% Suit 28% Fat 12% Mineral matter 1% Total: 100%

21. Properties of wool Chemical properties of wool: Effect of Acid: Concentrated nitric acid and Sulfuric acid destroy the fiber . Effect of Alkali: Destroy all bonds in wool fiber . Effect of Bleach: Harmful. Heat: wool fiber decomposed at 204°C. Dye Ability: Easy to dye, reactive dyestuff is suitable.

22. Physical properties of wool Strength: it is stronger than silk Resiliency: Wool is highly resilient Shrink ability: wool resistant shrinkage Crimps: wool fibre is more or less wavy and has twist. This waviness is termed as crimp. Effect of moisture : it can absorb up to 50% of its weight.

23. Uses of wool Wool is a multifunctional fibre with a range of diameters that make it suitable for clothing, household fabrics and technical textiles. Its ability to absorb and release moisture makes woollen garments comfortable as well as warm. Two thirds of woolis used in the manufacture of garments, including sweaters, dresses, coats, suits and "active sportswear".

24. Polyamides Polyamide substance composed of long, multiple-unit molecules in which the repeating units in the molecular chain are linked together by amide groups. Amide groups have the general chemical formula CO-NH. They may be produced by the interaction of an amine (NH2 ) group and a carboxyl (COOH) group.

25. PROPERTIES of polyamides the fibres can be quite fine and smooth or crimped, or bright or dull. Polyamide fibres are very durable and resistant to abrasion. They have high elasticity. They are light and fine. They are easy to wash and quick-drying. Elasticity : Very good Resiliency: Good Melting point : 215°C Color : White Ability to protect heat : Upto 150°C

26. Application of polyamide It is used as thread in bristles for toothbrushes, surgical sutures etc It is also used in the manufacture of a large variety of threads, ropes, filaments, nets etc . • It can also be used in gun frames, such as those used by Glock , which are made with a composite of Nylon 6 and other polymers.

27. Polyester fabric Polyester is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. The term "polyester" is most commonly used to refer to polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

28. Properties of POLYESTER it has a high melting temperature it can be dyed with only disperse dyes they are thermoplastic, have good strength and are hydrophobic the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth surface. it is lustrous and its hand is crisp. it has excellent resiliency and is the best wash and wear fabric. It resists wrinkling Its resistant to stretching

29. Application Polyester is the most used synthetic fiber . The fiber can be manufactured in different shapes and sizes for specific purposes. Polyester is a tough fabric used in clothing

30. Acrylic fiber Acrylic is a synthetic man-made fiber which was created to mimic wool and it does bear some resemblance to it in softness.Some brand names for acrylic are Acrilan , Orlan , and Creslon . The fiber has a soft, smooth feel which is very similar to wool, and is lightweight. It is often used to create plush velvets, and dyes beautifully.

31. Properties of Acrylic fibres Acrylic has a warm and dry hand like wool. Its density is 1.17 g/cc as compared to 1.32 g/cc of wool. It has a elastic recovery of 85% after 4% extension when the load is released immediately. Acrylic shrinks by about 1.5% when treated with boiling water for30min. Its fibres are strong and have good wrinkle resistance. Acrylic is resistant to moths, oils, chemicals and deterioration on exposure to sunlight. Acrylic is easy to wash and dries quickly.

32. Uses of acrylic fibre Knit Jersey, Sweater, blankets Wrinkle resistant fabrics. Pile and Fleece fabrics Carpets and rugs