The 12 parts of the human ear (and their functions)

That we can perceive sounds is thanks to the fact that the different components of the ear work in a synchronized way.

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The 12 parts of the human ear (and their functions)
That we can perceive sounds is thanks to the fact that the different 
components of the ear work in a synchronized way. 
 

2. Hearing is a sense that, although it is not absolutely essential for living, it is 
very important for human relationships, because thanks to it we capture 
information from the environment and oral language can exist. 
 
The process of capturing and interpreting sounds is complex and can only be 
done correctly if all the parts and structures that make up the ear work in 
coordination. 
 
●We recommend you read: "The 18 most common ear diseases (causes, 
symptoms and treatment)" 
 
In this article we will present the 12 parts in which every human ear is 
structured , specifying the role that each of these components have in the 
process of receiving and processing sounds. 
 
How can the ears capture and interpret sounds? 

What we end up interpreting as sounds (after processing the information in 
our brain) are nothing more than waves that propagate through a fluid, which 
is usually air.  
 
These waves can only be transmitted from one point to another if there is 
some physical means by which to do so. Therefore, in space there are no 
sounds. 
 
The waves, which are generated by, for example, when someone vibrates their 
vocal cords while speaking or when an object falls to the ground, travel 
through the air in the form of vibrations and end up reaching our ears. 
 
Inside these there are different structures that we will see below that capture 
these vibrations and transform them into nerve impulses.  
 
Once the waves have been converted into electrical signals, they can travel 
through the nerves as nerve impulses to the brain. 

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When electrical signals reach the brain, it processes them and makes us 
perceive sounds . In other words, the one who “hears” is the ears, but the one 
who “listens” is the brain. 
 
In what parts is the human ear structured? 

The perception of sound explained above is possible thanks to the functions 
performed by the different components of the ear.  
 
This is divided into three regions: 
 
●External ear : Receives sounds and is made up of the pinna, the ear 
canal and the eardrum. 
●Middle ear : It transmits vibrations and is made up of the three ossicles 
of the ear, the tympanic cavity, the oval window and the Eustachian 
tube. 
●Inner ear : Transforms vibrations into nerve impulses and is made up of 
the vestibule, the semicircular canals, the cochlea, the organ of Corti, 
and the auditory nerve. 
 
 
 

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Below we present each of these structures ordered from outermost to 
innermost. 
In this graph we can appreciate the different parts of the human ear, which we will know in depth 
below. 
 
 

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1. Auditory pinna 

The pinna is the outermost part of the ear . Popularly known as the ear, the 
pinna is made of skin and cartilage and its main function is to act as an 
antenna, collecting as many sound waves as possible and leading them into 
the ear to be subsequently processed. 
 
2. Auditory canal 

The auditory canal is a component of the external ear that consists of a cavity 
with a diameter of less than 10 mm with the function of conducting sound 
from the outside to the eardrum. 
 
It is up to 30mm long and is composed of sebaceous glands that produce 
wax, a compound that protects the ear from both irritation and attack by 
pathogens.  
 
This wax keeps the cavity clean and prevents the small villi that improve the 
propagation of the waves from being damaged by the conditions of the 
external environment. 
 

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3. Eardrum 

The eardrum is the structure that marks the border between the outer and 
middle ear . It is a very thin elastic membrane that moves as a result of the 
arrival of sound waves, which make it vibrate as if it were a drum.  
 
These movements are transmitted to the inside of the middle ear thanks to 
the three ossicles of the ear. 
 
4. Tympanic cavity 

The tympanic cavity is a small hole inside the middle ear that communicates 
both with the outer ear through the eardrum and with the inner ear through the 
oval window. 
 
This structure houses the three ossicles of the ear and is lined with mucosa. 
The tympanic cavity is filled with air, which could cause problems during 
pressure changes. Therefore, this chamber is connected to the nostrils 
through the Eustachian tube, making the pressure equal to that of the middle 
and there is no damage to the ear. 
 

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5. Eustachian tube 

The Eustachian tube, also known as the tuba or auditory tube, is a tube that 
extends from the tympanic cavity to the area of ​​the nasopharynx , that is, the 
region of the nostrils. 
 
Its function is to balance the pressures inside the ear. If it were not there, 
when our body experiences pressure changes, there could be significant 
damage to the hearing due to the pressure difference. 
 
Therefore, the Eustachian tube protects the other structures of the ear, 
ventilates the middle ear (thus avoiding infections) and allows the vibrations 
of the eardrum to correctly reach the three small bones of the ear. 
 
6. The three ossicles of the ear: hammer, anvil and stapes 
Located in the tympanic cavity, the three ossicles of the ear (hammer, incus 
and stapes) are the smallest bones in the human body . In fact, in their chain 
conformation they measure only 18 mm. 
 
These three bones are connected to each other and receive vibrations from 
the tympanic membrane, with which they are in contact.  

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The movements of these ossicles in response to the vibrations of the eardrum 
cause the oval window to vibrate, something essential to transmit information 
to the inner ear. 
 
7. Oval window 

Like the eardrum, the oval window is a membrane that marks the border 
between two regions of the ear . In this case, it allows the connection between 
the middle and inner ear. 
 
The oval window covers the entrance to the cochlea and allows vibrations 
from the ossicles to reach the inner ear, where they will be transformed into 
nerve impulses. 
 
8. Cochlea 

The cochlea or snail is a spiral-shaped structure already located in the inner 
ear . It consists of a set of channels that rotate on themselves to amplify the 
vibrations until they can be transformed into nerve impulses. 
 
 

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The cochlea is filled with a fluid (perilymph and endolymph) to which the 
vibrations from the oval window stop. Therefore, from this moment on, the 
acoustic waves travel through a liquid medium (until now it was through the 
air) until they reach their destination. 
 
9. Lobby 

The vestibule is a structure of the inner ear that is located between the 
cochlea and the semicircular canals .  
 
It is divided into two cavities filled with the same fluid as the cochlea, 
although in this case it does not serve so much for the transmission of 
acoustic waves, but rather to perceive body movement and to make 
maintaining balance easier. 
 
10. Semicircular canals 

The semicircular canals are structures of the inner ear that are located after 
the vestibule and that consist of a kind of fluid-filled curls like that of the 
cochlea .  
 

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Like the vestibule, the semicircular ducts are essential for balance. 
When we are dizzy it is because there is no relationship between the visual 
image that the brain emits and the information it receives from the 
semicircular canals and the vestibule.  
 
That is, our eyes say one thing and our ears another, so we end up feeling an 
unpleasant sensation of disorientation. 
 
11. Organ of Corti 

The organ of Corti is an essential structure for the perception of sounds . 
Located inside the cochlea, it is made up of hair cells, which protrude from the 
mucous tissue and are the ones that capture vibrations in the fluid. 
 
Depending on the vibration that travels through the fluid in the cochlea, these 
hair cells, which are extremely sensitive to small variations in fluid movement, 
will move one way or another. 
 
In its lower part, the hair cells communicate with nerve branches to which they 
convey information. Therefore, it is in this organ that it goes from an acoustic 

11. wave to an electrical impulse, a process that is called transduction and that 
occurs inside the hair cells. 
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These hair cells do not regenerate. Losing hearing throughout life is due to the 
fact that these cells suffer damage and die, so that we have less and less and 
it is more difficult to perceive sounds correctly. 
 
12. Auditory nerve 

The auditory nerve is the connecting link between the inner ear and the brain . 
It collects the information that the hair cells have given it in the form of an 
electrical impulse and transmits these signals to the brain. 
 
Once in the brain, it processes the information in the form of an electrical 
signal and makes us perceive the sound that had entered from the ear. 
 
Our body is capable of carrying out all this process that we have just seen in a 
matter of milliseconds. 
 
Bibliographic references 
●Wageih, G. (2017) "Ear Anatomy". Research Gate. 

12. ●Hayes, SH, Ding, D., Salvi, RJ, Allman, BL (2013) “Anatomy and 
Physiology of the External, Middle and Inner Ear”. Handbook of Clinical 
Neurophysiology. 
 
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