The Animal's Specialized Structuress.ppt

Animal's Tissue and Organ system

1. Tissues, Organs, and SystemsTissues, Organs, and Systems
The Human Body Video

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Organization of Your BodyOrganization of Your Body
There are four levels of organization, There are four levels of organization, it is called it is called
a HIERARCHY.a HIERARCHY.
1. Cells;1. Cells;
2. Tissues;2. Tissues;
3. Organs;3. Organs;
4. Organ Systems.4. Organ Systems.
Bodies of vertebrates (animals with spines) are Bodies of vertebrates (animals with spines) are
composed of different cell typescomposed of different cell types
-Humans have 210-Humans have 210

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Organization of Your BodyOrganization of Your Body
Organization Structure Diagram
Smallest Smallest
LevelLevel
Largest Largest
LevelLevel

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Organization of Your BodyOrganization of Your Body
1. **You have enough basic information on what 1. **You have enough basic information on what
a Cell is, so lets move on…a Cell is, so lets move on…
2. 2. Tissues:Tissues: are groups of cells that are similar in are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function structure and function. . Intro Cells & Tissues Video
In adult vertebrates, there are four In adult vertebrates, there are four primary tissues:primary tissues:
--EpithelialEpithelial,,
--ConnectiveConnective, ,
--Muscle,Muscle,
--Nerve Tissue.Nerve Tissue.
All preform different bodily functions, thus are All preform different bodily functions, thus are
different cells.different cells.

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Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue

Epithelial Tissue:Epithelial Tissue:

Separates, protects, and keeps organs in place.Separates, protects, and keeps organs in place.

Covers the body surface and forms the lining Covers the body surface and forms the lining
of most organs. of most organs.

Ex: Skin (epidermis), & inside of mouthEx: Skin (epidermis), & inside of mouth
The Skin Video (5 min)The Skin Video (5 min)

Layer of skins Layer of skins

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Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Connective TissueConnective Tissue- -

Provides support and structure to the Provides support and structure to the
body, also fills spaces.body, also fills spaces.

The most abundant tissue in the human The most abundant tissue in the human
body. body. 

Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and fat.Ex: Blood, bones, cartilage, and fat.
Bones & Cartilage Video (3 min)

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Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue

Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue -Contracts and relaxes to -Contracts and relaxes to
support movement.support movement.

Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.Three types: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Ex:Ex:
Cardiac muscle contracts to Cardiac muscle contracts to
pump blood through the body;pump blood through the body;
Skeletal muscle moves the Skeletal muscle moves the
bones when directed by brain.bones when directed by brain.
Smooth muscle contracts in Smooth muscle contracts in
digesting;digesting;
Muscle Video

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Nerve TissueNerve Tissue

Nerve Tissue Nerve Tissue
- responds to stimuli in the environment;- responds to stimuli in the environment;
- controls movement, reflexes, and receives - controls movement, reflexes, and receives
sensory information;sensory information;
ExEx: :
Brain tissue, Brain tissue,
Spinal Cord Tissue, Spinal Cord Tissue,
Peripheral nerve cells.Peripheral nerve cells.
Nerve Video

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Organization of Your BodyOrganization of Your Body
3. 3. Organs:Organs: are combinations of different tissues that are combinations of different tissues that
form a form a structural and functional UNIT. structural and functional UNIT.
Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital Any organ that is essential to life is called a vital
organ.organ.
Examples:Examples:

Heart - Heart - Pumps blood throughout the body.Pumps blood throughout the body.

Liver - Liver - Removes toxins from the blood, produces Removes toxins from the blood, produces
chemicals that help in digestion. chemicals that help in digestion.

Lungs - Lungs - Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes COSupplies oxygen to the blood and removes CO
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from blood. from blood.

Brain - Brain - The control center of the body.The control center of the body.

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Organization of Your BodyOrganization of Your Body
4. 4. Organ systems:Organ systems: are are groups of organs that groups of organs that
cooperate to perform the cooperate to perform the
major activitiesmajor activities of the body. of the body.
-The vertebrate body contains 11 principal organ -The vertebrate body contains 11 principal organ
systems.systems.

Prepare yourself to name some systems after the film.Prepare yourself to name some systems after the film.

15. The 11 Human Body Systems
The 11 human body systems are as follows:The 11 human body systems are as follows:
-- nervous system-- nervous system -- integumentary system-- integumentary system
-- -- respiratory systemrespiratory system -- -- digestive systemdigestive system
-- excretory system-- excretory system ---- skeletal system skeletal system
-- muscular system-- muscular system -- -- circulatory systemcirculatory system
-- endocrine system-- endocrine system -- reproductive system-- reproductive system
-- lymphatic (immune) system-- lymphatic (immune) system
UnderlinedUnderlined = most important= most important BoldBold = on past exams= on past exams
All are extremely important because each system is responsible All are extremely important because each system is responsible
for a specific cellular function, just on a much larger scale.for a specific cellular function, just on a much larger scale.

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems
Organ systems communicate, integrate, support Organ systems communicate, integrate, support
and move, maintain and regulate, defend, and move, maintain and regulate, defend,
reproduce the body.reproduce the body.

Communicate outside environment changes:Communicate outside environment changes:
-Three organ systems detect external stimuli and -Three organ systems detect external stimuli and
coordinate the body’s responsescoordinate the body’s responses
- - NervousNervous,, sensory sensory and and endocrine systemsendocrine systems

Support and movement:Support and movement:
--The The musculoskeletalmusculoskeletal systemsystem consists of two interrelated consists of two interrelated
organ systemsorgan systems

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
Regulation and maintenance:Regulation and maintenance:
-Four organ systems regulate and maintain the body’s -Four organ systems regulate and maintain the body’s
chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS.chemistry; called HOMEOSTASIS.
DigestiveDigestive,, circulatory circulatory, , respiratory respiratory andand excretory systems. excretory systems.

Defense:Defense:
-The body defends itself with two organ systems: -The body defends itself with two organ systems:
IntegumentaryIntegumentary and and immune.immune.

Reproduction and developmentReproduction and development
-The -The RReproductive system.eproductive system.

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Overview of Major Organ SystemsOverview of Major Organ Systems

19. The Nervous System
Purpose: to coordinate the body’s response to changes in its
internal and external environment
Major Organs and Their Functions
Brain – control center of the body, where all processes are
relayed through
-- consists of cerebrum (controls though and senses) and
cerebellum (controls motor functions)
Spinal Cord – sends instructions from the brain to the rest of
the body and vice versa
-- any organism with a major nerve cord is classified as a
chordate
Nerves – conduct impulses to muscle cells throughout the body

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

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Overview of Organ Systems Overview of Organ Systems

22. The Skeletal System
Purpose: to provide structure, support, and movement to the
human body
Bones are where new blood cells are generated (in the
marrow), and require the mineral calcium for strength
Major Bones of the Human Body
-- femur (thigh bone)-- humerus (upper arm)
-- radius and ulna (lower arm)-- cranium (skull)
-- sternum (breastbone)-- clavicle (shoulder blade)
-- fibula and tibia (calf)-- vertebrae (back)
-- scalpula (shoulder)-- pelvic bone
-- coccyx (tail bone)-- phalanges (fingers/toes)

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

24. The Muscular System
Purpose: works with the skeletal and nervous system to
produce movement, also helps to circulate blood through the
human body
-- muscle cells are fibrous
-- muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary
Major Muscles in the Human Body
-- biceps -- triceps-- deltoids
-- glutes-- hamstrings

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

26. The Digestive System
Purpose: to dissolve food so it can be absorbed into the
bloodstream and used by the body
Major Organs and their Functions:
Mouth – to chew and grind up food
-- saliva also begins to breakdown food into particles
Esophagus – pipe connecting mouth to stomach
Stomach – produces acid that breakdowns food.
Small Intestine – Digested food moves through intestine by Villi.
The Villi absorbs nutrients and water from digested food.
Large Intestine – removes water from the digested food and gets
the waste ready for excretion

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

28. The Circulatory System
Purpose: to deliver oxygenated blood to the various cells and
organ systems in your body so they can undergo cellular
respiration
Major Organs and Their Functions
Heart – the major muscle of the circulatory system
-- pumps blood through its four chambers (two ventricles and
two atria)
-- pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs, where it gets
oxygenated, returned to the heart, and then pumped out
through the aorta to the rest of the body
-- valve regulate the flow of blood between the chambers

29. Arteries – carry blood away from the heart and to the major
organs of the body
Veins – carry blood back to the heart away from the major
organs of the body
Capillaries – small blood vessels where gas exchange occurs
Blood – the cells that flow through the circulatory system
-- red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein
that carries oxygen
-- white blood cells function in the immune system
-- platelets help in blood clotting
Spleen – helps to filter out toxins in the blood

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

31. The Respiratory System
Purpose: to provide the body with oxygen and to remove
carbon dioxide
Major Organs and Their Functions
Nose & Mouth – internal entry and exit point for air
Pharynx – serves as a passage way for both air and food at
the back of the throat
Larynx – your “voicebox”, as air passes over your vocal
chords, you speak
Trachea – the “windpipe”, or what connects your pharynx to
your lungs
Lungs- Supplies oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 from
blood.

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

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Overview of Organ Systems Overview of Organ Systems

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

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Overview of Organ SystemsOverview of Organ Systems

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HomeostasisHomeostasis
As animals have evolved, specialization of body As animals have evolved, specialization of body
structures has increasedstructures has increased
For cells to function efficiently and interact For cells to function efficiently and interact
properly, internal body conditions must be properly, internal body conditions must be
relatively constantrelatively constant
-The dynamic constancy of the internal -The dynamic constancy of the internal
environment is called environment is called homeostasishomeostasis
-It is essential for life -It is essential for life

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HomeostasisHomeostasis
Humans have set points for body temperature, blood Humans have set points for body temperature, blood
glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion) glucose concentrations, electrolyte (ion)
concentration, tendon tension, etc.concentration, tendon tension, etc.
We are We are endothermicendothermic: can maintain a relatively : can maintain a relatively
constant body temperature (37constant body temperature (37
oo
C or 98.6C or 98.6
oo
F)F)
-Changes in body temperature are detected by the -Changes in body temperature are detected by the
hypothalamushypothalamus in the brain in the brain