The Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids AnatomyPhysiology

Presentation bout the Fatty Acids of our body

1. BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS Gianette Ellice C. Bañez Rhyce Mckenzie L. Gammad Abbey Gayle A. Obispo

2. DOES OUR BODY NATURALLY PRODUCE FATTY ACIDS? LET’S FIND OUT!

3. GLYCOGEN TRIGLYCERIDE

4. FATTY ACID

5. TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats NO double bonds YES double bonds

6. TYPES OF FATTY ACIDS Polyunsaturated MULTIPLE double bonds ESSENTIAL

7. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS Polyunsaturated (>2 double bonds) Humans have limited ability in desaturating fatty acids Meaning it is NOT synthesized by the body Decrease the risk of Cardiovascular Disease/ Coronary Heart Disease These essential fatty acids give rise to eicosanoic (C20) fatty acids, from which are derived families of compounds known as eicosanoids. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins, prostacyclins , thromboxanes , leukotriens , and lipoxins.

8. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) Alpha Linoleic Acid (ALA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (Omega 3)

9. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) ( ω -6) Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) (Omega 3) ( ω -3) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (Omega 3) ( ω -3)

10. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) ( ω -6) Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) (Omega 3) ( ω -3) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) (Omega 3) ( ω -3) :

11. ALA EPA DHA Omega-3 3 letters

12. FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS Fatty Acid Carboxylic Acid Chain of Hydrocarbons Amphiphilic

13. FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS Process by which the saturated Fatty Acid “Palmitate” is formed Excess carbohydrates are converted to Fatty Acids, creating a store of energy able to break down for future energy.

14. FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS Excess carbohydrates are converted to Fatty Acids, creating a store of energy able to break down for future energy. x

15. Glucose (Glycolysis) Pyruvate (Pyruvate Metabolism) Acetyl CoA (TCA Cycle) Citrate (Mitochondria) Fatty Acids (Cytoplasm) x

16. Glucose (Glycolysis) Pyruvate (Pyruvate Metabolism) Acetyl CoA (TCA Cycle) Citrate (Mitochondria) Fatty Acids (Cytoplasm) Citrate Citrate Shuttle Acetyl CoA

17. Citrate (Citrate Shuttle) Citrate Acetyl CoA ATP Citrate Lyase Oxaloacetate TCA Cycle Malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acids Synthase Palmitate

18. Citrate (Citrate Shuttle) Citrate Acetyl CoA ATP Citrate Lyase Oxaloacetate TCA Cycle Malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acids Synthase Palmitate

19. Fatty ACC -id synthesis A cetyl C oA C arboxylase

20. Citrate (Citrate Shuttle) Citrate Acetyl CoA ATP Citrate Lyase Oxaloacetate TCA Cycle Malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acids Synthase Palmitate

21. Citrate (Citrate Shuttle) Citrate Acetyl CoA ATP Citrate Lyase Oxaloacetate TCA Cycle Malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acids Synthase Palmitate CO2 NADPH

22. Biosynthesis of malonyl-CoA

23. Fatty Acid Synthase Multienzyme Complex

24. Citrate (Citrate Shuttle) Citrate Acetyl CoA ATP Citrate Lyase Oxaloacetate TCA Cycle Malonyl CoA Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acids Synthase Palmitate CO2 NADPH +Insulin +Citrate -Glucagon -Palmitoyl CoA stimulates inhibits ] ]

25. SUMMARY (8) Acetyl CoA + (7) ATP + (14) NADPH Palmitate + (7) ADP + (7) P + (14)NADP + + (6)H2O + (8)CoA [2-carbon molecule] [16-carbon molecule]

26. Glucose (Glycolysis) Pyruvate (Pyruvate Metabolism) Acetyl CoA (TCA Cycle) Citrate (Mitochondria) Palmitate Citrate Citrate Shuttle Acetyl CoA (Fatty Acids Synthesis)

27. CLINICAL ASPECTS Symptoms of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency in Humans Include Skin Lesions & Impairment of Lipid Transport In adults subsisting on ordinary diets, no signs of essential fatty acid deficiencies have been reported. However, infants receiving formula diets low in fat and patients who maintain for long periods exclusively intravenous nutrition low in essential fatty acids show deficiency symptoms that can be prevented by an essential fatty acid intake of 1 – 2 % of the total caloric requirement.

28. CLINICAL ASPECTS Abnormal Metabolism of Essential Fatty Acids Occurs in Several Diseases Cystic fibrosis Acrodermatitis enteropathica Hepatorenal syndrome Sjogren- Larrson syndrome Multisystem neuronal degeneration Crohn’s disease Cirrhosis and alcoholism Reye’s syndrome

29. CLINICAL ASPECTS Abnormal Metabolism of Essential Fatty Acids Occurs in Several Diseases Elevated levels of very-long-chain polyenoic acids have been found in the brains of patients with Zellweger’s syndrome. Diets with a high P:S(polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid) ratio reduce serum cholesterol levels and are considered to be beneficial in terms of the risk of development of coronary heart disease.

30. DOES OUR BODY NATURALLY PRODUCE FATTY ACIDS? Saturated Fatty Acids X Essential Fatty Acids under Unsaturated Fatty Acids