THE COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME.ppt

Command area development

1. COMMAND AREA
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

4. Definitionofirrigationpotential
•Irrigationastheprocessbywhichwaterisdivertedfromariverorpumpedfroma
wellandusedforthepurposeofagriculturalproduction.
•Theareawhichcanpotentiallybeirrigateddependsonthephysicalresources'soil'
and'water',combinedwiththeirrigationwaterrequirementsasdeterminedby
thecroppingpatternsandclimate.Itiscalled'physicalirrigationpotential'.
However,environmentalandsocioeconomicconstraintsalsohavetobetakeninto
considerationinordertoguaranteeasustainableuseoftheavailablephysical
resources.Thismeansthatinmostcasesthepossibilitiesforirrigation
developmentwouldbelessthanthephysicalirrigationpotential

5. Why? CADA
•Duringthepostindependenceera,alargenumberofirrigationprojectswere
constructedforincreasingagriculturalproductioninthecountry.However,
duringearlyseventiesanalysisofirrigationpotentialcreatedandutilisedrevealed
thattherewasasubstantialgapbetweenthem.
•TheIrrigationCommissionmadespecificrecommendationsinitsreportin1972
thatsystematicdevelopmentofcommandsofirrigationprojectsshouldbetaken
upinordertofullyutilisetheirrigationpotentialcreated.Subsequentlya
CommitteeofMinisterssetupbytheMinistryofIrrigationandPoweranalysedthe
issueandsuggestedin1973thatabroadbasedAreaDevelopmentAuthority
shouldbesetupforeverymajorirrigationprojecttoundertaketheworkof
comprehensiveareadevelopment.
•Basedonthisrecommendation,theGovernmentofIndiainitiatedaCentrally
SponsoredCommandAreaDevelopmentProgramme(CADP)inDecember1974to
improveirrigationpotentialutilisationandoptimiseagriculturalproductionfrom
irrigatedlandthroughintegratedandcoordinatedapproachofefficientwater
management.

6. Command Area Development Programme
•TheGovernmentofIndialaunchedaCentrallySponsoredSchemeofCommand
AreaDevelopmentProgrammein1974-75.TheprimaryobjectiveoftheCAD
Programmehasbeentobridgethegapbetweentheirrigationpotentialcreated
andthatutilizedthroughincreaseinirrigatedareasandthereontoincrease
efficientutilizationofirrigationwaterandimprovetheagriculturalproductivityin
theirrigationcommands.Theprogrammeenvisagedanintegratedandco-
ordinatedapproachtothedevelopmentandmanagementofcommandareasby
constitutingamulti-disciplinaryteamundertheoverallcontroloftheCommand
AreaDevelopmentAuthorities.

7. •TheCommandAreaDevelopmentProgramme(CADP)startedin1974-75
asaCentrallySponsoredScheme,envisagedexecutionofon-farm
developmentworkslikefieldchannels,landlevelling,fielddrainsand
conjunctiveuseofgroundandsurfacewater;theintroductionof
Warabandi,ortherotationalsystemofwaterdistributiontoensure
equitableandtimelysupplyofwatertoeachholding;andevolvingand
propagatingcroppatternsandwatermanagementpracticesappropriate
toeachcommandarea.Otherancilliaryactivitieslikeconstructionoflink
roads,godownsandmarketcentres,arrangementsforsupplyofinputs
andcredits,agriculturalextensionanddevelopmentofgroundwaterfor
conjunctiveusearealsotakenupaspartoftherelevantsectoral
programmesintheStatePlan.

8. Command Area Development and Water Management Programme
(CADWM Programme)
•Anumberofconstraintssuchasunreliabilityofwatersupplyattheoutletdueto
deficienciesintheirrigationsystemabovetheoutlet,absenceoflinkand
intermediatedrainstoletoutsurpluswaterintomaindrains,non-inclusionof
minorirrigationprojectsfromnon-hillyareas,lowprioritybytheState
Governmentstoextensionandtrainingactivities,non-revisionofcostnormsfor
variousactivitiessinceVIIIPlanetc.werealsonoticedduringthereview.
•Inviewoftheseconstraintstheprogrammehasbeenrestructuredforthe
remainingperiodofXPlan(2004-07)andrenamedas‘CommandArea
DevelopmentandWaterManagementProgramme(CADWMProgramme)’to
makeitmorecomprehensiveandbeneficialtofarmers.

10. OBJECTIVESOFCOMMANDAREADERVELOPMENTPROGRAMME
•Tocreateinfrastructurefacilitiesforsupplyingwaterforrequiredtimeand
atrequiredquantitybasedonthecropneeds.
•Tohavecontrolledirrigationwithoptimumwateruseefficiencyand
effectivedrainageduringmonsoonrains.
•Toensureindependentirrigationanddrainagefacilitytoindividual
farmer’sholdingsdirectlyfromchannelsandthusavoidingfieldtofield
irrigationanddrainage.
•Tocreatebasicpermanentinfrastructureforproperdistribution,diversion,
regulation,headingupandcontrolledapplicationofwateraswellasdraining
excesswateratfarmlevel.
•Toprovideasolidbaseforintroductionofrotationalwatersupply.

11. Components of CADA programme
•Construction of field channels and field drains,
•Enforcement of warabandi,
•land levelling and shaping,
•realignment of field boundaries/ consolidation of holdings,
•introduction of suitable cropping patterns,
•strengthening of extension services etc
•Farmers’ participationand
•Reclamation of waterlogged areas

12. LIST OF ON-GOING PROJECTS UNDER CADWM PROGRAMME AS ON MARCH, 2014

13. Lecture 22
Land consolidation and infra structure
required, organization and maintenance -
on farm development works

14. Landconsolidationreferstopoolingonefarmer’spropertyinoneplace.
Generallyfarmersownlandatdifferentplaceswithinthesamecommand
underasluice/tank.
Underlandconsolidation,allthefarmersshouldbebroughttogether,thebasic
operationslikelandlevellingandformationofirrigationanddrainagechannels
arecompletedandthelandisgivenbacktothem.
Theredistributionoflandwillbedonebygroupconcurrencesothatthetotal
landareaownedbyafarmerisreassignedwithnewpattaandputata
consolidatedplacewithinthecommand.
Thiswillhelphimtomanagehislandproperlyandtoefficientlyusethe
availablewaterresources.
Land consolidation

17. Apart from development of irrigation and drainage facilities in the commands, there is a
need to strengthen other basic facilities like
1.Providing better farm roads for efficient conveyance of inputs and produces
2.Providing community halls for marriages and other functions
3.Providing protected drinking water supply to farmers
4.Construction of water harvesting structures etc.,
Organising and maintenance refers to organising farmers group under a command area as one
registered society and handing over the created facilities to the society for future maintenance.
Farmers’ society is responsible for fixing any tariff required to maintain the created facilities
periodically.

18. On farm development works include
1.Construction of lined field channels to reduce seepage losses
2.Construction of distribution boxes to ensure proper distribution of water
3.Construction of flow measuring devices at appropriate points
4.Realignment of existing field channels
5.Establishment of drainage channels, wherever necessary
6.Betterment/ creation of farm roads, etc.,

19. Lecture 23
Execution -maintenance and
economics of OFD WORKS

20. IMPACT OF CAD PROGRAMME
1.Farmers all over command welcome these works due to the reasons that most of the disputes
due to the irrigation are being solved by farmers themselves at field level.
2.Ensures better water management at field level due to creation of basic infrastructure facilities
for efficient control of water.
3.Under turn system conditions in the delta, CADP provide still better suited facilities for efficient
and economic handling of irrigation water.
4.Relief of farmers who where dependent on others in their traditional method of field to field
irrigation and drainage.
5.RWS is being effectively implemented in the command where the works were executed.
6.Better facility for removing the excess water from fields, during rainy seasons.
7.Incremental benefit in crop yield is in the range of 10 –20%.
8.Less cost in channel maintenance besides saving in time, labor and money spent on temporary
water control structures.
9.Incidentally new field channels laid under Command Area Development Programme are useful
in conjunctive use of groundwater.

21. EXECUTION OF OFD WORKS
The OFD works are executed by the WRO up to minor
level and by Agrl. Engg. Department at farm level.
Necessary design is finalised in consultation with
farmers’ participation
Theworkisexecutedbyfollowingtheoffice
procedures
The completed works can be handed over to the
farmers’ association for future maintenance who fund
the renovation and rehabilitation works.

22. MAINTENANACE AND ECONOMICS
The maintenance was earlier done by the state departments.
Now the government will stop its liability at minor level and the
farm level maintenance becomes the responsibility of the user
Necessary matching grand proportionate to the subscriptions
deposited into the bank a/c will be provided by the govt. to WUA.
ECONOMICS
EconomicgainsduetoOFDworksresultsinstabilisedyield
overtheentirecommandwhichisotherwisenotfeasible.
Whenthefarmerrealisesthebenefit,hewillpaythe
subsciptionsregularlyandmaintainthestructures.
Surplusfundswillbeusedforinfrastructuredevelopment
aftercertainperiodoftime.

23. Operationandmaintenance
Itisessentialthatthereisagreementatalllevelsoncertainbasicprinciplesrelatingto
O&M,waterrates,andfarmers’participation.Thesecouldbe:
•Theperformanceofirrigationsystemsistobemaintainedatasatisfactorylevelby
regularandtimelyphysicalserviceswhichcanensurereliabilityofthesupplies.Itis
essentialtoprovideadequatefundsfortheworkscomponentunderO&Msothat
therelatedstructuresperformsatisfactorily.
•Thereisneedtorevisethewaterchargesonthebasisofrelatedcostsforworksso
thatO&Mexpenditurecouldbefullymetfromtherevenuerecoveredthroughthe
revisedwatercharges.
•Intherevisedwatercharges,whilethecomponentsforworksshouldbefully
provided,theexpenditureonestablishmentcostsshouldbekeptwithinthe
prescribedceilingof25percentoftheO&Mcosts.
•Thereisanurgentneedtoimplementprogrammeswhichwillreducethe
overburdenofexcessstaffwhicheatsintothelimitedfundsavailableforO&M.
•FormationofWaterUsers’Associationshouldbeencouragedtotakechargeofthe
systemtherebyalsoreducingtheestablishmentcharges

24. Water distribution system in canal command area
Regulationofcanals:
•Theprocessofdistributionofirrigationwaterinacanalsystemiscalled‘regulation
orrostering.Themainaimofrotationofwaterdistributionistoregulateand
evenlydistributethewateroverthecommandareaofthecanalsystem.
•DifferentwaterdistributionpracticesarebeingpracticedinIndiaandother
countriestoensureequityandtomeetthecropdemands.
RWS(Warabandhi)isasystemofequitablewaterdistributionbyturnsaccording
toapredeterminedschedulespecifyingtheday,timeanddurationofsupply
toeachirrigationinproportiontolandholdingintheoutletcommand.
Thedistributionofirrigationwaterwillfulfilthefollowingprinciples.
1.Equity
2.Predictability
3.Reliability

25. WarabandiorOsrabandhi(rotationalwatersupplytofieldsbyturn):
•Warabandhiisthedeliveryofwaterbyturntothefarmersoftheoutletcommand
area.ItisthecommonmethodofwaterdeliverytofieldinnorthernIndiaand
Pakistan.Inthewarabandisystemthedischargeofanoutletisusuallyfixedat30
litres/sec(earlier1cusec)usingAPMtypeoutlets
•Thewaraorosrameansturnand‘bandi’meansfixation.i.ewarabandhimeans
fixationofturns.Inwarabandhimethodtheavailablewaterisallocatedto
cultivatorsinproportiontotheirlandholdings.Ithasitsmainthrustonequitability
ofdistributionofwater.Thebasicprincipleunderlyingthewarabandisystemof
managingirrigationwateristhattheavailablewater,whateverbeitsquantum,is
allocatedtocultivatorsinequalproportiontotheirlandholdingsandnotonlyto
someofthemtomeettheirtotaldemand.Thisprincipleimposeswaterscarcity
conditions.
•Inwarabandisystemthedistributionofwateriscarriedoutbykeepingthestreamof
waterasconstantandregulatingthetimeofitsflow.Theentiretimeinaweekis
allocatedtofarmers.Timeoncelostcannotberegained.So,ifforanyreason,a
farmerisunabletoreceivehisshareofwaterthereisnowayofcompensatinghim.
Similarly,iftheflowofwaterislessthantheauthorizedquantityduetosome
technicaldefects,thelosssufferedonthisaccountcannotbecompensated.

26. Rosterofturns:
•Intherotationwatersupply(warabandi)system,apredeterminedquantityofwater
isprovidedtoeachirrigatoronceaweek.Thedurationoftimethewatersupplyis
allowedperunitareaoftheirrigatedlandunderthecommandoftheoutletis
determinedbydividingthenumberofminutesinaweek(10080)bytheareaof
landtobeirrigatedinhectares.Thus,inanoutletcommandareaof40ha,thetime
allowedperhatoafarmeris10,080is252minutesor4hrsand12minutesina
week.A20hafarmerwillget8hrsand24minutesinaweek.Thecycleofturnsona
watercourseoritsbranchstartsfromitshead,proceedsdownwardsandendsatits
tail.Thesupplyhastobecut-offfromheadwhenthelastfarmerishavinghisturn.
•Theseepagelossinawatercourseisnotreflectedinthewarabandhisystem.
(Week=7daysx24hoursx60minutes=10080minutes)

27. Shejpaliandothersystemsofwaterdistribution:
•TheShejpaliandblocksystemofwaterdistributionintheoutletcommandareaof
canalsystemsispracticedinMaharashtra,partsofGujaratandKarnataka.Under
thissystem,estimatesofexpectedwateravailabilityaremade.Applicationsare
invitedfromthefarmersseekinginformationonthecroptobegrownandthearea
tobeirrigatedundereachcrop.Wateristhensanctionedtakingintoaccountthe
totaldemandandthewateravailability.AschedulecalledShejpali,givingturnsto
differentirrigatorsforthesanctionedcropareaonoutletsispreparedforeach
rotationofthecanalsystem.
•Intheshejpalisystemalsothedischargeofanoutletisusuallyfixedat30ha/sec.
•Intheblocksystem,alongtermagreementforthesupplyofwaterfor6to12
yearsisdone,especiallyincaseofperennialcrops.Asystemcalledrigidshejpali.In
theShejpalisystem,thefarmersaresuppliedwater,inturnfromtailtohead,as
pertheschedulepreparedandcommunicatedinadvance.TheShejpalisystem
givesconsiderationtothecropstobegrown,contrarytothewarabandisystem.
Thecanaloutletsareequippedwithgatestofacilitatetheoperations.
•Noneofthemethodsgiveconsiderationtoconveyancelossesinthewater
distributionsystem.

28. StrategicOutletcommand:
•Outletsareprovidedinanirrigationcanalsystematsuitablepoints.Thesizeofan
outletdependsupontheextentoftheirrigatedarea.Thecommontypesofoutlets
usedincanalsinNorthernIndiaare
I.Adjustableproportionatemoduleoutlet
II.Openflumeoutlet
III.Pipeoutletand
IV.Siphonoutlet.
•Thesizeofopeningoftheadjustableproportionatemoduleoutletcanbefixedto
obtainthedesireddischargefromanoutlet,dependingontheculturable
commandarea.Thedischargeoftheoutletvarieswiththelevelofwaterinthe
channel.
•Theoutletcapacitycommonlyfixedisatthefullsupplylevel(FSL)ofthechannel.
InmostoftheolderirrigationworksinNorthernIndia,nodeviceisprovidedto
regulateandcontrolthewaterflow.Theoutletsautomaticallystartflowingwith
theflowofthedistributary.Therateofflowdependsonthesizeoftheopeningand
theheadofwaterabovetheoutlet.

29. CRUMP’S ADJUSTABLE PROPORTIONAL MODULE

30. Open Flume Module