The digestive-system-powerpoint-

Everything about Digestion in Humans.

1. The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
Sheryl BhatnagarSheryl Bhatnagar
University of DelhiUniversity of Delhi

2. DigestionDigestion
The chemical breakdown of complex The chemical breakdown of complex
biological molecules into their component biological molecules into their component
parts.parts.
–Lipids to fatty acids Lipids to fatty acids
–Proteins to individual amino acidsProteins to individual amino acids
–Carbohydrates into simple sugarsCarbohydrates into simple sugars

3. FunctionFunction
Produces various chemicals to Produces various chemicals to
break down the food.break down the food.
Filters out harmful substances.Filters out harmful substances.
Gets rid of solid wastes.Gets rid of solid wastes.

4. DigestionDigestion
MechanicalMechanical
–Changes the physical form of foodChanges the physical form of food
Chew Chew
TearTear
GrindGrind
MashMash
MixMix

5. DigestionDigestion
ChemicalChemical
–Changes the chemical composition of food Changes the chemical composition of food
with the aid of digestive enzymeswith the aid of digestive enzymes
CarbohydrateCarbohydrate
ProteinProtein
LipidLipid
–Digestive enzymes are special proteins that Digestive enzymes are special proteins that
help break up large molecules of food into help break up large molecules of food into
very tiny molecules that can be absorbed and very tiny molecules that can be absorbed and
used by the cells in the form of nutrition.used by the cells in the form of nutrition.

6. Phases of DigestionPhases of Digestion
IngestionIngestion
MovementMovement
DigestionDigestion
AbsorptionAbsorption

7. The Digestive TractThe Digestive Tract
A long muscular A long muscular
tube with many tube with many
sections and sections and
areas.areas.
Begins with the Begins with the
mouth and ends mouth and ends
with the anus.with the anus.

8. The Digestive TractThe Digestive Tract
Parts of the Digestive Parts of the Digestive
TractTract
–MouthMouth
–PharynxPharynx
–EsophagusEsophagus
–Stomach Stomach
–Small IntestineSmall Intestine
–Large IntestineLarge Intestine

10. Accessory PartsAccessory Parts
Organs that are not in the digestive tract Organs that are not in the digestive tract
but helps in the digestionbut helps in the digestion
–TeethTeeth
–Tongue Tongue
–Salivary glandsSalivary glands
–LiverLiver
–Gall bladderGall bladder
–PancreasPancreas

11. MouthMouth
Functions:Functions:
– Food enters in the mouth or oral Food enters in the mouth or oral
cavitycavity
– TastingTasting
– Mechanical breakdown of foodMechanical breakdown of food
– Secretion of salivary glands Secretion of salivary glands
(salivary amylase) (salivary amylase)

12. MouthMouth
Structures in the mouth that aids digestion:Structures in the mouth that aids digestion:
Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.Teeth – cut, tear, crush and grind food.
Salivary glands – produce and secrete Salivary glands – produce and secrete
saliva into the oral cavity. saliva into the oral cavity.
– Parotid (beneath the cheeks)Parotid (beneath the cheeks)
– Submaxillary (below the jaw bone)Submaxillary (below the jaw bone)
– Sublingual (below the tongue)Sublingual (below the tongue)
– – saliva moistens the saliva moistens the
food and contains enzymes (food and contains enzymes (ptyalinptyalin or or
salivarysalivary amylaseamylase) that begins digestion ) that begins digestion
of starch into smaller polysaccharides.of starch into smaller polysaccharides.

13. MouthMouth
TongueTongue
– Mixes and rolls food into tiny Mixes and rolls food into tiny
mashed up bitsmashed up bits ( (BolusBolus))
– Pushes the bolus toward the Pushes the bolus toward the
pharynx and into the esophagus pharynx and into the esophagus
when swallowing.when swallowing.

14. Mechanism of SwallowingMechanism of Swallowing
Swallowing is a coordinated activity of the Swallowing is a coordinated activity of the
tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus.tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus.
PhasesPhases
–Food is pushed into the Food is pushed into the pharynx pharynx by the by the
tongue. (voluntary) tongue. (voluntary)
–Tongue blocks the mouthTongue blocks the mouth
–Soft palate closes off the noseSoft palate closes off the nose
–Larynx (Adam’s Apple) rises so the Larynx (Adam’s Apple) rises so the
Epiglottis Epiglottis (a flap of tissue) can close the (a flap of tissue) can close the
opening of the trachea.opening of the trachea.

15. EsophagusEsophagus
A straight muscular tube that is about 10 inches A straight muscular tube that is about 10 inches
(25 cm) long which connects the mouth with the (25 cm) long which connects the mouth with the
stomachstomach
Food takes about 4 to 8 seconds as it passes Food takes about 4 to 8 seconds as it passes
through to the stomach.through to the stomach.
Its walls contain smooth muscles that contracts Its walls contain smooth muscles that contracts
in wavy motion (in wavy motion (PeristalsisPeristalsis).).
Peristalsis propels food and liquid slowly Peristalsis propels food and liquid slowly
down the esophagus into the stomach.down the esophagus into the stomach.
Cardiac Sphincter (ring-like valve) relaxes to Cardiac Sphincter (ring-like valve) relaxes to
allow food into the stomach.allow food into the stomach.

16. PeristalsisPeristalsis

17. StomachStomach
J-shaped muscular sacJ-shaped muscular sac
Has inner folds that increases the surface Has inner folds that increases the surface
area of the stomach.area of the stomach.
Churns and grinds together the bolus into Churns and grinds together the bolus into
smaller pieces.smaller pieces.
Food is mixed with gastric juices Food is mixed with gastric juices
(hydrochloric acid and enzymes) secreted (hydrochloric acid and enzymes) secreted
by the stomach walls.by the stomach walls.
HCL helps break down food and kills HCL helps break down food and kills
bacteria that came along with the food.bacteria that came along with the food.

18. StomachStomach

19. StomachStomach
PepsinPepsin – major enzyme; converts – major enzyme; converts
proteins into peptides in the presence of proteins into peptides in the presence of
HCL.HCL.
MucusMucus – lubricates food and protects the – lubricates food and protects the
gastric lining from strong digestive juices.gastric lining from strong digestive juices.
Converts the bolus into a liquid Converts the bolus into a liquid
((chymechyme)) after 4 hrs of mechanical and after 4 hrs of mechanical and
chemical digestionchemical digestion
Chyme passes through the Chyme passes through the pyloric pyloric
sphinctersphincter into the small intestine. into the small intestine.

20. Movements in StomachMovements in Stomach

21. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Long (20 ft), coiled tube beneath the Long (20 ft), coiled tube beneath the
stomach.stomach.
Has three parts:Has three parts:
Duodenum – upper part; about 10 in; connected to Duodenum – upper part; about 10 in; connected to
the stomach.the stomach.
– – where the digestive juices from the where the digestive juices from the
pancreas and the liver combine with chyme pancreas and the liver combine with chyme
making it thin and watery. making it thin and watery.
Jejunum – about 8 ftJejunum – about 8 ft
Ileum – about 12 ftIleum – about 12 ft

22. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorptionSite of greatest amount of digestion and absorption

23. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Takes about 4 – 8 hrs to complete its journey.Takes about 4 – 8 hrs to complete its journey.
Mucosa (inner wall) – secretes several enzymes Mucosa (inner wall) – secretes several enzymes
that acts on the food.that acts on the food.
Where the pancreatic enzymes are emptied into.Where the pancreatic enzymes are emptied into.
Digested nutrients are absorbed through Digested nutrients are absorbed through
intestinal walls.intestinal walls.
Absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the Absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the
blood then other parts of the body for storage or blood then other parts of the body for storage or
further chemical change.further chemical change.

24. Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Has folded inner walls covered with Has folded inner walls covered with
fingerlike projections (fingerlike projections (villivilli; sing. – villus); sing. – villus)
Each villus has tinier projections called Each villus has tinier projections called
microvillimicrovilli that absorbs digested food. that absorbs digested food.
Villi and microvilli increases the surface Villi and microvilli increases the surface
area of the small intestine for greater area of the small intestine for greater
absorption.absorption.
Peristalsis moves the undigested food to Peristalsis moves the undigested food to
the large intestine.the large intestine.

25. Movement in small intestine:Movement in small intestine:
Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestineMixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine
Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digestSecretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest
Digestion: Mechanical and chemicalDigestion: Mechanical and chemical
Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymphAbsorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph
Elimination: Waste products removed from bodyElimination: Waste products removed from body

26. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
a.k.a. Colona.k.a. Colon
larger diameter, but shorter (5 ft)larger diameter, but shorter (5 ft)
Water is absorbed from the Water is absorbed from the
undigested food making the waste undigested food making the waste
harder until it becomes solid.harder until it becomes solid.
Waste stays for 10 – 12 hours.Waste stays for 10 – 12 hours.

27. Large IntestineLarge Intestine

28. Large IntestineLarge Intestine
Waste is pushed into the expanded Waste is pushed into the expanded
portion (rectum) of the large intestine.portion (rectum) of the large intestine.
Solid waste stays in the rectum until it Solid waste stays in the rectum until it
is excreted through the anus as is excreted through the anus as
feces.feces.
Appendix hangs on the right side of Appendix hangs on the right side of
the large intestine.the large intestine.

29. Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs
Produce or store enzymes that helps in Produce or store enzymes that helps in
digestion. digestion.
Liver Liver
–Largest gland of the bodyLargest gland of the body
–Stores vitamins A,D,E,K Stores vitamins A,D,E,K
–Stores sugar and glycogenStores sugar and glycogen
–Produces Produces bilebile (watery, greenish (watery, greenish
substance) substance)
–Secretes bile to the gall bladder via the Secretes bile to the gall bladder via the
hepatic duct and cystic duct.hepatic duct and cystic duct.

30. Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs
Gall bladder Gall bladder
– Stores bile in between mealsStores bile in between meals
– Secretes bile to the duodenum through Secretes bile to the duodenum through
the bile duct during mealtime. the bile duct during mealtime.
Bile contains bile salts, pigments, Bile contains bile salts, pigments,
cholesterol and phospholipids.cholesterol and phospholipids.
Bile is an emulsifier NOT an enzyme.Bile is an emulsifier NOT an enzyme.
Emulsifier – dissolves fat into the Emulsifier – dissolves fat into the
watery contents of the intestine.watery contents of the intestine.

31. Accessory OrgansAccessory Organs
PancreasPancreas
– Produces a juice that contains Produces a juice that contains
enzymes (enzymes (amylase and insulinamylase and insulin) to ) to
break down carbohydrates, fats break down carbohydrates, fats
and protein.and protein.
– Secretes the juice into the Secretes the juice into the
duodenum through the pancreatic duodenum through the pancreatic
duct.duct.

32. Path of DigestionPath of Digestion
MouthMouth
PharynxPharynx
EsophagusEsophagus
StomachStomach
Small IntestineSmall Intestine
Large IntestineLarge Intestine
AnusAnus