The Discrepancy in Estimated VO2MAX Concerning Diverse Practices

The Discrepancy in Estimated VO2MAX Concerning Diverse Practices

1. Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching

Laboratory Report

SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology
Carl Page
University of Bedfordshire
Ms. N Bretherton

2. 2 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
THE DISCREPANCY IN ESTIMATED VO2MAX
CONCERNING DIVERSE PRACTICES
Introduction
How fit do you think you are? Agreement to
Dr David Stensel of the School of Sport and
Exercise Sciences at Loughborough University,
it is tough to identify precisely. Frequent
training while greatly suggested it is simply
fraction of the portrayal. "Genetics plays a big
part in fitness too. It's certainly the case that
two people of the same age can do the same
amount of exercise, but one can be fitter than
the other.”

Thus across various performances the
cardiovascular exercises can conclude a
participant VO2max “the highest rate of
oxygen consumption attainable during
maximal or exhaustive exercise”. Since
individuals VO2max can be calculated via
straight quantity of maximal oxygen uptake,
through being calculated in the maximum
amount of oxygen in millilitres, individuals can
use in one minute per kilogram of their body
weight.

Although there are numerous sub maximal
and maximal exercise tests have been
developed made from track/field walking and
jogging to treadmill laboratory settings. While
the valid and reliable approximations of
VO2max which are gained from normative
data as from previous studies published
online and paper e.g. the Journal of Sports
Science and Medicine (JSSM) and other
relevant worldwide sporting organisations.

Presented in this physiology journal are the
physiological tests which examined chosen
characteristics of participant’s execution
within a monitored laboratory. Since this
study shows the findings from physiology
assessments through to data collection. These
fitness assessments require the motivation of
participants exercise to exhaustion,
consequently VO2max depends on participant
factors. Therefore those with a high-level
Body Mass Index (BMI) will have an estimated
lower VO2max rating and cannot do exercises
further powerfully than individuals who are
healthy trained.

3. 3 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Methodologies
Participants volunteered to be in research and
understood the risks involved as Physical
Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and
Informed Consents were used. Data gathered
used to evaluate the participants VO2 levels
of fitness against the norm for easy
comparisons. Consequently with participants
Body Mass Index (BMI) rating then able to
discover if participants are over/under or in
the ideal weight bracket for their height too.
Record all participants heart rate before,
immediately afterwards, and then five
minutes later of each test. Astrand Treadmill
Test, from the total running time an estimate
of the participants VO2max can be calculated
as follows: VO2max= (Time × 1.444) + 14.99
Where "Time" is the recorded test time exact
in minutes and parts of a minute. Test forces
the participant to run as extensive and
achievable on a treadmill. Assistant
discontinues the stopwatch, records the time
whenever the participant is incapable to
persist.

Queens College (VO2max) Step Test, step up
and down on the bench for three minutes
accordance to selected beat and at height
16.25 inches. Females: VO2max= 65.81-
(0.1847*HR), Males: VO2max= 111.33-
(0.42*HR).

Multi-Stage Fitness Test consists of 18 or 21
levels depending on CD/tape used. Test is
stopped once participant fails to reach the
line (within 2 meters) for two consecutive
ends. The reliability of the test would depend
on how strictly the test is run and the practice
allowed for the subjects.

12 minute Cooper Test, participants run for
twelve minutes, and the total distance
covered is recorded. The reliability would
depend on practice, pacing strategies and
motivation level. An estimate of the
participants VO2max can be calculated as
follows:
 VO2max= (Distance covered in meters
– 504.9) ÷ 44.73

4. 4 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Results
The total of seven British Caucasian
participant’s male to female ratio 6:1 ages 18-
20 years old. Although following BMI
assessment is presented from NHS Direct
(UK);
 Less than 18.5 participants are
underweight for their height.
 18.5 to 24.9 participants are an ideal
weight for their height
 25 to 29.9 participants are over the
ideal weight for their height
 30 to 39.9 participants are obese
 Over 39.9 participants very obese











List of fitness assessments and the room
temperatures participants performed at.
Fitness Assessment Room
Temperature
Astrand 18'C
Step Test 20'C
Multi-stage Fitness Test 18'C
Cooper 18'C

All four fitness assessment VO2max results of
each participant.











The groups heart rate differences before,
immediately afterwards, and then five
minutes later on two fitness assessments.

Multi-stage
Fitness Test
HR
Resting
Heart
Rate at
End
HR at
end + 5
mins
Mean 62 126 80
Median 60 120 84
Mode 54 156 60
Range 28 78 36
Standard
Deviation
10.39 29.11 14.58



12 Minute
Cooper VO2max
Test
HR
Resting
Heart
Rate at
End
HR at
end + 5
mins
Table 1. Test temperatures of all fitness tests.
Figure 2. Bar Chart presenting VO2Max of all fitness
tests
Figure 1. Pie Chart showing participants Body Mass
Index
Table 2. Heart rate data of the Multi-stage
Fitness Test.

5. 5 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Mean 63 133 81
Median 60 120 78
Mode 48 120 60
Range 42 94 54
Standard
Deviation
15.04 35.47 19.86











Discussion/Conclusion
VO2max was estimated through a number of
indirect exercise assessments. Yet
recommended that maximal exercise
assessments aren’t further unsafe compared
submaximal assessments delivered cautiously
obey procedures for practice acceptance
assessment and observer the physiological
reactions of the participant exercise
constantly. The sample is heterogeneous as
participants experience VO2max changes in
the fitness assessments. Although every
assessment followed “The protocol duration
of tests to VO2max should be between 8 and
10 min for healthy, moderately to highly
trained subjects.” (Med Sci Sports Exerc.
2007)

Support recommends the occurrence of VO2
plateau through increased performance
assessment is greatly variable stretching from
16% to 94% (Day et al. 2003; Rossiter,
Kowalchuk, and Whipp 2006; Yoon, Kravitz,
and Robergs 2007). Actually these
investigations recognised that a "plateau
phenomenon" is not a condition for
recognising an accurate VO2max in the
difference of participants (Noakes
2008). Intended for participants who do not
achieve an definite VO2 plateau, the VO2
peak reached in a maximal exercising fitness
assessment to the threshold of acceptance is
an effective guide of VO2max (Day et al. 2003;
Hawkins et al. 2007; Howley 2007).










Factors that affect maximal oxygen uptake,
individual variations their somatotype in
Table 3. Heart rate data of the 12 Minute
Cooper VO2max Test.
Figure 3. Line Chart displaying oxygen
consumption plateaus

6. 6 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
VO2max reflect the volume of muscle mass
recruited. VO2max expressed relative to
body mass. More body fat mass = lower
relative VO2max. Genetics build up to 40% of
difference in VO2max connecting participants.
(Bouchard et all, 1992)

Normal values for relative (mL/kg/min) VO2
for various groups of individuals;
 Untrained College-aged Females 30-
35 mL/kg/min
 Untrained College-aged Males 35-45
mL/kg/min
 Active College-aged Females 40-45
mL/kg/min
 Active College-aged Males 45-50
mL/kg/min
 Trained College-aged Females 50-60
mL/kg/min
 Trained College-aged Males 55-65
mL/kg/min
 Competitive College-aged Males 65-
85 mL/kg/min
 Highest measured VO2max 95
mL/kg/min


Fick Equation;
 VO2 = HR x SV x a-vO2diff

Maximal and submaximal VO2 is stated as
absolute or relative conditions. Absolute VO2
is the total volume of oxygen consumed and
expressed as L/min. Relative VO2 is the total
volume of oxygen consumed related to body
weight since allows comparison of aerobic
fitness among individuals of various body size.
Nonetheless reliant on couple effects, the
compound capacity to utilise oxygen in
crushing downward energy and the joint
capability of cardio-respiratory systems to
carrying the oxygen to the muscle tissue. As
both cardiac output and VO2 increase in
linearly with exercise intensity. Therefore
measuring heart rate is great way of
estimating all the participants VO2.










Cooper (1968) reported a correlation of 0.90
between VO2max and the distance covered in
a 12 min walk/run. The running economies of
each compared to participant are different.

Consequently further investigation process
and continuation laboratory setting a VO2max
capable of being attained in increasing
intensity which obtains assured
measurements by use of Douglas Bags. Since
it will gives more accurate reading of expired
Figure 4. Cardiac output and VO2 increase
linearly (California State University 2004)
California State University (2004).

7. 7 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
VO2max as calculates the expired air which
can be presented on a graph for simpler
comparisons of participants levels of fitness.

Further conditions which can show the
execution of an accurate VO2max;
 Stoppage of the heart rate to add
through rises in workout amount.
 Breathing interchange ratio (RER)
more than 1.15
Therefore monitoring the heart rate and
changing room temperature VO2max can
be discovered through analysing how
each participant’s cardio-respiratory
systems keep up with the demands at
different stages for more valid and
reliable results.

8. References/Acknowledgements
Appendix
A. Informed Consent Sheets.
B. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q's).
C. Fitness Test Scores Spreadsheet
D. SPO021-1 Introduction to Exercise Physiology Practical 6: Estimating VO2 Max from
Cardiovascular Exercise

Normative Data for VO2max
Non-Athletes
Age Male Female
10-19 47-56 38-46
20-29 43-52 33-42
30-39 39-48 30-38
40-49 36-44 26-35
50-59 34-41 24-33
60-69 31-38 22-30
70-79 28-35 20-27
Tables adapted from: Wilmore JH and Costill DL. (2005) Physiology of Sport and Exercise: 3rd Edition.
Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic

Female (values in ml/kg/min)

Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <25.0 25.0 - 30.9 31.0 - 34.9 35.0 - 38.9 39.0 - 41.9 >41.9
20-29 <23.6 23.6 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.9 33.0 - 36.9 37.0 - 41.0 >41.0
30-39 <22.8 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.6 35.7 - 40.0 >40.0
40-49 <21.0 21.0 - 24.4 24.5 - 28.9 29.0 - 32.8 32.9 - 36.9 >36.9
50-59 <20.2 20.2 - 22.7 22.8 - 26.9 27.0 - 31.4 31.5 - 35.7 >35.7
60+ <17.5 17.5 - 20.1 20.2 - 24.4 24.5 - 30.2 30.3 - 31.4 >31.4

9. 9 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Male (values in ml/kg/min)
Age Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent Superior
13-19 <35.0 35.0 - 38.3 38.4 - 45.1 45.2 - 50.9 51.0 - 55.9 >55.9
20-29 <33.0 33.0 - 36.4 36.5 - 42.4 42.5 - 46.4 46.5 - 52.4 >52.4
30-39 <31.5 31.5 - 35.4 35.5 - 40.9 41.0 - 44.9 45.0 - 49.4 >49.4
40-49 <30.2 30.2 - 33.5 33.6 - 38.9 39.0 - 43.7 43.8 - 48.0 >48.0
50-59 <26.1 26.1 - 30.9 31.0 - 35.7 35.8 - 40.9 41.0 - 45.3 >45.3
60+ <20.5 20.5 - 26.0 26.1 - 32.2 32.3 - 36.4 36.5 - 44.2 >44.2
Table Reference: The Physical Fitness Specialist Certification Manual, The Cooper Institute for
Aerobics Research, Dallas TX, revised 1997 printed in Advance Fitness Assessment & Exercise
Prescription, 3rd Edition, Vivian H. Heyward, 1998.p48.

Queen's College Step Test, normative data for the Queen's College step up test, the following are
national norms for 16 to 19 year olds.

Gender Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
Male <121 148 - 121 156 - 149 162 - 157 >162
Female <129 158 - 129 166 - 159 170 - 167 >170
Table Reference: Physical Education and the study of sport, B. Davies et al.

Normative data for the Multi-Stage Fitness Test.
Male
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
14 - 16 L12 S7 L11 S2 L8 S9 L7 S1 <L6 S6
17 - 20 L12 S12 L11 S6 L9 S2 L7 S6 <L7 S3
21 - 30 L12 S12 L11 S7 L9 S3 L7 S8 <L7 S5
31 - 40 L11 S7 L10 S4 L6 S10 L6 S7 <L6 S4
41 - 50 L10 S4 L9 S4 L6 S9 L5 S9 <L5 S2

10. 10 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Female
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
14 - 16 L10 S9 L9 S1 L6 S7 L5 S1 <L4 S7
17 - 20 L10 S11 L9 S3 L6 S8 L5 S2 <L4 S9
21 - 30 L10 S8 L9 S2 L6 S6 L5 S1 <L4 S9
31 - 40 L10 S4 L8 S7 L6 S3 L4 S6 <L4 S5
41 - 50 L9 S9 L7 S2 L5 S7 L4 S2 <L4 S1

Multi-Stage Fitness Test Level Expectations

Rating Men Women
Excellent > 13 > 12
Very Good 11 - 13 10 - 12
Good 9 - 11 8 - 10
Average 7 - 9 6 - 8
Poor 5 - 7 4 - 6
Very Poor < 5 < 4

Normative data for the 12 Minute Cooper VO2max Test
Male Athletes
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
13-14 >2700m 2400-2700m 2200-2399m 2100-2199m <2100m
15-16 >2800m 2500-2800m 2300-2499m 2200-2299m <2200m
17-19 >3000m 2700-3000m 2500-2699m 2300-2499m <2300m
20-29 >2800m 2400-2800m 2200-2399m 1600-2199m <1600m

11. 11 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
30-39 >2700m 2300-2700m 1900-2299m 1500-1999m <1500m
40-49 >2500m 2100-2500m 1700-2099m 1400-1699m <1400m
>50 >2400m 2000-2400m 1600-1999m 1300-1599m <1300m

Female Athletes
Age Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Poor
13-14 >2000m 1900-2000m 1600-1899m 1500-1599m <1500m
15-16 >2100m 2000-2100m 1700-1999m 1600-1699m <1600m
17-20 >2300m 2100-2300m 1800-2099m 1700-1799m <1700m
20-29 >2700m 2200-2700m 1800-2199m 1500-1799m <1500m
30-39 >2500m 2000-2500m 1700-1999m 1400-1699m <1400m
40-49 >2300m 1900-2300m 1500-1899m 1200-1499m <1200m
>50 >2200m 1700-2200m 1400-1699m 1100-1399m <1100m

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http://find.galegroup.com/gps/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-
Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2
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Name=tresham&docId=A200979597&docType=IAC&contentSet=IAC-Documents

16. 16 | P a g e Carl Page (1008889) Foundation Degree in Sports Coaching
Articles
A new way to test your fitness, Sam Murphy, 23 October 2009. Available at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2009/oct/23/fitness-test-new?INTCMP=SRCH
So you think you're fit? Joanna Moorhead, 20 January 2004.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2004/jan/20/healthandwellbeing.health2?INTCMP=SRCH
What is Lance Armstrong's secret? Matt Seaton, 28 July 2005. Available at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2005/jul/28/thisweekssciencequestions3?INTCMP=SRCH
How can I test my fitness? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4286804.stm
How fit are you? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4742961.stm
What happens in a VO2 max test? Health & Fitness / 29 Sep 2005. Available at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/health_and_fitness/4291516.stm
What makes a great Tour rider? Health / 06 Jul 2007 By Jane Elliott.
BBC News, health reporter. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6273202.stm
The three (st)ages of the triathlon Magazine / 17 Nov 2006 A POINT OF VIEW By Tim Egan. Available
at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6159674.stm