The effects and management of parthenium hysterophorus

The effects and management of parthenium hysterophorus

1. THE DISTRIBUTION, EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT OF Parthenium hysterophorus ; A WEED OF GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE DESCRIBED IN CONTEXT OF NEPAL Presented by SIRJANA KHATRI ROLL NO- 34 M.S c. ii s em.

2. CONTENTS.. INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE METHODOLOGY RESULT AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. A lien species VS invasive Not native to the region and owe their presence to direct or indirect activities of human. They may be of three type; Casual- Alien species which occur only temporarily and are not able to persist for longer period without human assisted input. i.e. potato, maize etc. Naturalized- which form sustainable population without human effort but do not spread i.e. peaches. Invasive- Those which are naturalized and spread rapidly. INTRODUCTION

4. Cause of invasion Careless behaviour leads to unintentional introduction, Today, alien invasion is the second factor for habit loss as a cause of species extinction. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Invasive alien species are the “animals, plants or other organisms introduced by man into places out of their natural range of distribution, where they become established and disperse, generating a negative impact on the local ecosystem and species.” Invasive species can negatively impact human health, the economy (i.e. tourism, agriculture), and native ecosystems . INTRODUCTION Contd..

5. No. of invasive species and their distribution At least 13,168 species of plants ( Kleunen et al 2015). North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. In Nepal ,218 naturalized plant 22 plants are invasive ( Tiwari et al 2005). Major threat species are ; Mikania micrantha , Lantana camara , Parthenium hysterophorus etc. Image source ; www.google.com

6. Parthenium hysterophorus L. Inhbits many part of the world , in addition to its native range in North and South America and West Indies. Commonly called as bitter weed, carrot weed, broom bush, congress grass(India) and bahudal jhar in Nepal. A member of the tribe Heliantheae of the family Asteraceae , Habitat ; weed of semi-arid , subtropical, tropical and warmer temperate regions, riparian zones, on roadsides, along railways and in pastures, seasonal floodplains, grasslands, open woodlands, waste areas, disturbed sites, lawns, gardens and crops, particularly aggressive in degraded or disturbed pastures. Image source ; www.google.com

7. INTRODUCTION Cont…… Morphology of the plant Fast maturing, erect, and much branched annual or ephemeral herb. Shows two distinct phase in life; Juvenile stage ; exhibits a rosette with large, dark green, simple radicle and pinnatisect small leaves lacking flower. Adult stage ; erect, much branched with deep tap root system that reaches up to 2m in height. Stem- hairy, octangular , longitudinally grooved and becomes tough and woody as plants matures into bush. Leaves- simple, alternate. Pinnately or bipinnately dissected. Reproduces by large no. of seeds; 10-25,000 seeds per plant which are dispersed through water current, animals, vehicles, machinery, grains and wind. Image source; www.google.com

8. OBECTIVE To know about the worldwide distribution of the P. hysterophorus . To have some knowledge on both beneficial and harmful aspect of this plant. To be aware about the controlling measure of this weed.

9. METHODOLOGY For preparing this presentation on P. hysterophorus , I have reviewed different research and review article which I have mentioned in the references .

10. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Distribution; India, China, Taiwan, Pakistan, Nepal, Srilanka , Bangladesh, Vietnam, Madagascar and many others. In Nepal , first recorded in 1967 ( Tiwari et.al.2005), Farmers in Hetauda noticed this weed in 1990, called the weed bahudal jhar , after that it became dominant in the grassland, roadside,. A distribution survey undertaken in two municipalities of central Nepal, showed that the abundance of the weed was greatest within urban areas, especially in industrial estates (karki,2009). It is not found in the irrigated agricultural land which are intensively managed and used all year around .

11. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus across different physiographic regions of Nepal (map source: Shrestha , 2014)

12. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Beneficial effect Enhancement of crop productivity ; Allelopathy can be used to increase crop production at minimal expense and to diminish the current reliance on synthetic agrochemicals. The allelochemicals can be used as herbicide, insecticide, fungicide etc. Kishor et.al.(2010) prepared compost of parthenium in 14 weeks and assessed its manure value. compost from it on application in soil enhanced its moisture level than NPK.

13. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Bioremediation of heavy metals ; Lata et.al (2006)studied the adsorption capacity of P. hysterophorus for the removal of nickel from aqueous solution by varying parameters i.e. agitation time, Ni(II) concentration, adsorbent dose and PH. For biogas production ; The chemical changes and the effect of digested inoculum of this weed on biogas production were investigated and significant increase in methane content between 60 and 70% was observed ( Gunaseelan 1987).

14. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Used to treat wounds, diabetes, fever diarrhoea , anaemia , heart problem, malaria, headache, neurological disorder etc The antifungal potential of plant extract of P. hysterophorus against Fusarium solani has been described by Zaheer et.al 2012. They have shown the result as; Result(1 )

15. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Harmful effect; Effects on ecosystem; total habitat change in grassland, river banks, flood plains. Effects on crop ; Parthenin , hysterin , hymenin etc. causes allelopathic effect in plants inhibiting their growth. Effects on animals ; toxic to animals causing dermatitis with pronounced skin lesions. Significant amount (10-50%) of this weed in diet can kill cattle( Narsimhan et.al 1977). Effects on human beings; The pollen grains, airborne dried plant parts, and roots cause various allergies like contact dermatitis, hay fever, asthma, bronchitis etc . Image source; Shrestha et al.2014

16. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Management and control measures; Manual control ; Hand weeding, plowing, firing etc. Chemical control ; effective and quick way buctril super, chlorimuron ethyl, metasulphuron atrazine etc. Bioherbicidal control ; Dicanthium annulatum , Tagetus erectus, Allium cepa , Cinnamomum camphora etc. Competitive replacement ; Cassia sericea , Amaranthus spinosus , Mirabilis jalapa etc. can be used.

17. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd.. Biocontrol agents of P. hysterophorus (a) Zygogramma bicolorata (b) Epiblema strenuana (c) Listronotus setosipennis and (d) Carmenta ithacae Biological control ; Image source; kaur M.2016

18. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Contd .. Control by utilization ; Management by utilization is the most promising way to control this weed, IN NEPAL; The fourth National Report to the Convention of Biological Diversity(CBD), the government of Nepal has proposed to develop a national management plan for P. hysterophorus along with another two species (MFSC,2009).

19. CONCLUSION… P. hysterophorus is mostly known for its traits on natural ecology and its adverse effect on human and animal health as well as it disturbed the habitat of native plant of that area. There is need to encourage the research on the utilization potential of this weed which will mainly have two advantages; firstly, the weed will be controlled and next it can be used as an alternative of medicinal plant.

20. REFERENCES Bezuneh T.T (2015). Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of P. hysterophorus L. Science journal of analytical chemistry vol 3 (3);30-38 Kaur M.(2014). Effects and management of P. hysterophorus , A weed of global significance, Hindawi Publishing corporation, International scholary notices vol.2014 ;1-12 Murphy S.T(2014). Galvinizing action for the management of invasive alien species, Proceeding of the international conference on IAS management ;1-6 Nepal Fifth National Report to Convention on Biological Diversity(2014) Seema P.(2011). Harmful and beneficial aspects of P. hysterophorus : an update, Biotech. 1 ;1-9 Shrestha B.B, Shabbir A, Adkins S.W (2014). Parthenium hysterophorus in Nepal; A review of its weed status and possibilities for management , An international journal of weed Biology, Ecology & Vegetation management 55 ;132-144 Zaheer Z, Shafique s, Shafique s, Mehmood T. (2012). Antifungal potential of P. hysterophorus L. plant extracts against Fusarium solani , Scientific research & Essays vol.7 (22);2049-2054

21. acknowledgement With immense pleasure and gratitude I acknowledge Prof. Dr. Bijaya Pant and Dr. Sanjay K. Jha and Dr. Chandra P. Pokharel , who has provided invaluable assistance and suggestion in making this presentation. I am very thankful to the head of the Botany Department , Prof. Dr. Mohan Siwakoti for his co-operation in running this term paper presentation. I would remiss if I didn’t express my sincere thanks to all my friends for their help and guidance.