The evolution of society through science and technology-supplementary materials STS.pdf

STS on Agriculture

1. Week 2
The evolution of
society through
science and
technology in
the world and in
the Philippine
perspective

2. Topic Outline:
History and Advances of
Science and Technology
▪Agriculture and Food Security
▪Health and Medicine
▪Education and Information
Communication Technology

3. Agriculture
•Ancient Civilization
•Middle Ages
•Modern (1
st
IR)
•2
nd
, 3
rd
, and 4
th
IR

4. Agriculture: Ancient Civilizations
https://brewminate.com/structure-and-characteristics-of-prehistoric-to-
modern-hunter-gatherers/
▪Archeologists have divided the
cultures of the past into ages
based on materials used for
making tools:
▪Stone age
▪Old Stone Age -Paleolithic
▪New Stone Age -Neolithic
▪Bronze Age
▪Iron Age

5. Agriculture: Ancient Civilizations
▪PaleolithicPeriod-humans
existedbyforaging:
▪Hunting,fishing,gathering
wildberries,roots,seeds,
etc.
▪Numberofpeoplerestricted
byfoodavailableinthearea
▪NeolithicPeriod-people
controlledthereownfoodsupply
bycultivatingplantsand
breedinganimals
http://bookpalace.com/acatalog/info_HallCaveManLL.html

6. sharpsocialstudies.weebly.com/neolit
hic-revolution.html
Major Change in Neolithic Period
▪Possibletofeedmorepeople
thanyourself
▪Thisallowsforpopulationsto
increase
▪Thisleadstocommunities
▪Tocitiesandtoadvanced
civilization
▪Withoutagricultureadvanced
civilizationswouldnotbe
possible
Agriculture: Ancient Civilizations

7. https://historyancientphilsophy.wordpr
ess.com/2016/11/28/what-became-of-
the-neanderthals/
▪Man’sshifttofoodproduction
bydomesticatingplantsand
animalswasarevolutionary
changeinhumanhistory
▪CalledNeolithicRevolutionor
AgriculturalRevolution
Agriculture: Ancient Civilizations

8. https://historyancientphilsophy.wordpr
ess.com/2016/11/28/what-became-of-
the-neanderthals/
▪Butwhen,why,and
howdidthechange
occur?
▪Whydidpeople
switchtoagriculture
afterthousandsof
yearsofforaging?
Agriculture: Ancient Civilizations

9. Ancient Agriculture: Sumerian
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Fruchtbarer_Halbmond.JPG
The "Fertile Crescent" of the Middle East
▪In Sumer, barleywas the main
crop, but wheat, flax, dates,
apples, plums, and grapeswere
grown as well.
▪Mesopotamia was blessed with
flooding from the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers that helped
cultivate plant life, the salt
deposits under the soil, made it
hard to farm.
▪The earliest known sheepand
goatswere domesticated in
Sumer and were in a much
larger quantity than cattle.

10. Ancient Agriculture: Sumerian
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:ClaySumerianSickle.jpg
▪The land was plowed by
teams of oxen pulling light
unwheeled plows and grain
was harvested with sickles.
Wagons had solid wheels
covered by leather tires
kept in position by copper
nails and were drawn by
oxen and the Syrian
onager (now extinct).
SumerianHarvester's sickle, 3000 B.C.E. Baked clay

11. Ancient Agriculture: Aztec and Maya
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Intihuatana_ruins_at_Pisac,_Peru.jpg
▪Duringthisperiod,manyofthe
huntergatherermicro-bandsin
theregionbegantocultivate
wildplants.Thecultivationof
theseplantsprobablystarted
outascreatingknownareasof
fallback,orstarvationfoods,
nearseasonalcamps,thatthe
bandcouldrelyonwhen
huntingwasbad,orwhen
therewasadrought.
Intihuatana ruins with agricultural terraces below at
Písac, Peru

12. Ancient Agriculture: Aztec and Maya
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Intihuatana_ruins_at_Pisac,_Peru.jpg
▪Themostfamousofthese,and
themostimportantto
Mesoamericanagriculture,is
maize.Maizeisstorablefor
longperiodsoftime,itcanbe
groundintoflour,anditeasily
turnsintosurplusforfuture
use.Maizebecamevitaltothe
survivalofthepeopleof
Mesoamerica,andthatis
reflectedintheirorigin,myths,
artwork,andrituals.
Intihuatana ruins with agricultural terraces below at
Písac, Peru

13. Ancient Agriculture: Aztec and Maya
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Intihuatana_ruins_at_Pisac,_Peru.jpg
Intihuatana ruins with agricultural terraces below at
Písac, Peru
▪Thesecondmostimportant
cropinMesoamerican
agricultureisthesquash.
▪Themostimportantmaybe
thepumpkin,anditsrelatives.
▪Anothermajorfoodsourcein
Mesoamericaarebeans.
▪Manyotherplantswerefirst
cultivatedinMesoamerica;
tomatoes,avocados,guavas,
chillipeppers,manioc,agave,
andpricklypear.

14. Ancient Agriculture: Aztec and Maya
www.ancientpages.com/2016/05/17/chinampas-artificial-islands-created-aztecs-improve-
agriculture/
CHINAMPAS
▪TheAztecsdeveloped
irrigationsystems,formed
terracedhillsides,andfertilized
theirsoil.However,their
greatestagriculturaltechnique
wasthechinampaorartificial
islandsalsoknownas"floating
gardens."
▪TheAztecsgrewcorn,squash,
vegetables,andflowerson
chinampas.

15. Ancient Agriculture: Chinese
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg
Terraced rice fields in Yunnanprovince
▪TheoldestextantChinesebook
onagricultureistheChimin
Yaoshuof535C.E.,writtenby
JiaSixia
▪TheChinesehadinnovatedthe
hydraulic-poweredtriphammer
bythefirstcenturyB.C.E.
▪TheChinesealsoinnovatedthe
square-palletchainpumpbythe
firstcenturyC.E.,poweredbya
waterwheeloranoxenpullinga
systemofmechanicalwheels

16. Ancient Agriculture: Chinese
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg
Terraced rice fields in Yunnanprovince
▪TheSilkRoadandother
internationaltradefurtherspread
farmingtechnologythroughout
China
▪Ricewasgrowntwiceayearand
cattlebegantobeusedfor
plowingandfertilization
▪Improvementsinfarming
machineryduringthisera
includedthemoldboardplowand
watermill
▪Cottonplantingandweaving
technologywereextensively
adoptedandimproved

17. Ancient Agriculture: India
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:AlleppeyPaddyfields.JPG
Paddy field in South India
▪Evidenceofthepresenceofwheatand
somelegumesinthesixthmillennium
B.C.E.havebeenfoundintheIndus
Valley
▪Orangeswerecultivatedinthesame
millennium
▪Thecropsgrowninthevalleyaround
4000B.C.E.weretypicallywheat,peas,
sesameseed,barley,dates,and
mangoes
▪Anothermonsooncropofimportanceat
thattimewascanesugar
▪Ricewasanimportantcomponentofthe
stapledietinMohenjodaronearthe
ArabianSea

18. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Mähmaschine.jpg
A gallic-roman harvester from a Wall
in Buzenol, Belgium
▪Romanslaidthegroundworkforthe
manorialeconomicsysteminvolving
serfdom
▪Someprovincesspecializedinthe
productionofgrain,othersinwineand
othersinoliveoil,dependingonthesoil
type
▪ThePoValley(northernItaly)becamea
havenforcerealproduction
▪TheRomansalsotookinterestinwhat
typeofmanurewasbestforthesoil
▪Romanfarmsincludewheat,barley,
millet,kidneybean,pea,broadbean,
lentil,flax,sesame,chickpea,hemp,
turnip,olive,pear,apple,fig,andplum
Ancient Agriculture: Roman

19. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Mähmaschine.jpg
A gallic-roman harvester from a Wall
in Buzenol, Belgium
Ancient Agriculture: Roman
▪TheRomansalsousedanimals
extensively.
▪Cowsprovidedmilkwhileoxenand
mulesdidtheheavyworkonthefarm.
▪Sheepandgoatswerecheese
producers,butwereprizedevenmore
fortheirhides.
▪HorseswerenotimportanttoRoman
farmers;mostwereraisedbytherich
forracingorwar.
▪Sugarproductioncenteredon
beekeeping.
▪SomeRomansraisedsnailsasluxury
items.

20. Agriculture in the Middle Ages
▪TheMiddleAgesowemuch
ofitsdevelopmentto
advancesmadeinIslamic
areas,whichflourished
culturallyandmaterially
▪EuropeandotherRoman
andByzantineadministered
landsenteredanextended
periodofsocialand
economicstagnation
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/rise
-europe-middle-ages/

21. Agriculture in the Middle Ages
▪ThegreatcitiesoftheNearEast,
NorthAfricaandMoorishSpain
weresupportedbyelaborate
agriculturalsystemswhich
includedextensiveirrigation
basedonknowledgeofhydraulic
andhydrostaticprinciples
▪PersianMuslimsbegantofunction
asaconduit,transmittingcultural
elements,includingadvanced
agriculturaltechniques,intoTurkic
landsandwesternIndia
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/rise-
europe-middle-ages/

22. Agriculture in the Middle Ages
TheMuslimsintroducedwhatwastobecomeanagricultural
revolutionbasedonfourkeyfactors:
▪Developmentofasophisticatedsystemofirrigation
▪Theadoptionofascientificapproachtofarming
▪Incentivesbasedonanewapproachtolandownershipand
laborers'rights
▪Theintroductionofnewcropstransformedprivatefarming
intoanewglobalindustry

23. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
▪Theinventionofathree-fieldsystemofcroprotationduringthe
MiddleAges,andtheimportationoftheChinese-inventedmoldboard
plow,vastlyimprovedagriculturalefficiency.
▪After1492theworld'sagriculturalpatternswereshuffledinthe
widespreadexchangeofplantsandanimalsknownastheColumbian
Exchange.
▪TomatobecameafavoriteinEuropeancuisine,andmaizeand
potatoeswerewidelyadopted.
▪Othertransplantedcropsincludepineapple,cocoa,andtobacco.
▪Intheotherdirection,severalwheatstrainsquicklytooktowestern
hemispheresoilsandbecameadietarystapleevenfornativeNorth,
Central,andSouthAmericans

24. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:KentCountyMD.jpg
Storage
silo
▪IntheexpandingPlantation
economy,largeplantations
producedcropsincluding
sugar,cotton,andindigo,that
wereheavilydependentupon
slavelabor
▪Bytheearly1800s,
agriculturalpractices,
particularlycarefulselectionof
hardystrainsandcultivators,
hadsoimproved

25. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:KentCountyMD.jpg
Storage silo
▪Theeighteenthandnineteenth
centuryalsosawthe
developmentofglasshouses
orgreenhouses,initiallyforthe
protectionandcultivationof
exoticplants
▪ExperimentsonPlant
Hybridizationinthelate1800s
yieldedadvancesinthe
understandingofplantgenetics
▪Storagesilosandgrain
elevatorsappearedinthe
nineteenthcentury

26. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Batteuse_1881.jpg
Threshing machine from 1881
Thebirthofindustrialagriculturemore
orlesscoincideswiththatofthe
IndustrialRevolution
▪rapidriseofmechanizationinthe
latenineteenthandtwentieth
centuries
▪science-driveninnovationsin
methodsandresources
▪economicallongdistanceshipping
ofproducts
▪identificationofnitrogenand
phosphorusascriticalfactorsin
plantgrowthledtothemanufacture
ofsyntheticfertilizers

27. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Agriculture_(Plowing)_C
NE-v1-p58-H.jpg
A tractorploughingan alfalfafield
Thebirthofindustrialagriculture
moreorlesscoincideswiththatof
theIndustrialRevolution
▪discoveryofvitaminsandtheir
roleinanimalnutritioninthefirst
twodecadesofthetwentieth
century,ledtovitamin
supplements
▪discoveryofantibioticsand
vaccinesfacilitatedraising
livestockinlargernumbersby
reducingdisease

28. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Batteuse_1881.jpg
Threshing machine from 1881
Thebirthofindustrial
agriculturemoreorless
coincideswiththatofthe
IndustrialRevolution
▪Chemicalsdevelopedfor
useinWorldWarIIgaverise
tosyntheticpesticides
▪otherapplicationsof
scientificresearchsince
1950inagricultureinclude
genemanipulation,and
Hydroponics

29. Agriculture: Renaissance to Industrial Revolution
▪Agriculturalproductionacrosstheworlddoubledfourtimesbetween
1820and1975.
▪Itdoubledbetween1820and1920;between1920and1950;between
1950and1965;andagainbetween1965and1975,soastofeeda
globalpopulationofonebillionhumanbeingsin1800and6.5billionin
2002.
▪Duringthesameperiod,thenumberofpeopleinvolvedinfarming
droppedastheprocessbecamemoreautomated.
▪Inthe1930s,24percentoftheAmericanpopulationworkedin
agriculturecomparedto1.5percentin2002;in1940,eachfarmworker
supplied11consumers,whereasin2002,eachworkersupplied90
consumers.

30. Agriculture: Contemporary issues
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Hog_confinement_barn_interior.jp
g
Interior of a typical Hog Confinement Barn
▪Industrialagricultureisa
modernformoffarming
thatreferstothe
industrializedproductionof
livestock,poultry,fish,and
crops.Themethodsof
industrialagricultureare
techno scientific,
economic,andpolitical.

31. Agriculture: Contemporary issues
▪"Confinedanimalfeedingoperations"
or"intensivelivestockoperations"or
"factoryfarms,"canholdlarge
numbers(someuptohundredsof
thousands)ofanimals,oftenindoors.
▪Theseanimalsaretypicallycows,
hogs,turkeys,orchickens.The
distinctivecharacteristicsofsuch
farmsistheconcentrationof
livestockinagivenspace.
▪Theaimoftheoperationisto
produceasmuchmeat,eggs,ormilk
atthelowestpossiblecost. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Calves.JPG
Holstein calves in individual
cages. Revivim, Israel

32. Agriculture: Contemporary issues
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/File:Calves.JPG
Holstein calves in individual cages.
Revivim, Israel
▪AccordingtotheU.S.Centersfor
DiseaseControlandPrevention
(CDC),farmsonwhichanimals
areintensivelyrearedcancause
adversehealthreactionsinfarm
workers.
▪Workersmaydevelopacuteand
chroniclung disease,
musculoskeletalinjuries,and
maycatchinfectionsthattransmit
fromanimalstohumanbeings.

33. Agriculture: Contemporary issues
▪TheGreenRevolutionin
agriculturehelpedfoodproduction
tokeeppacewithworldwide
populationgrowth.
▪TheprojectswithintheGreen
Revolutionspreadtechnologies
thathadalreadyexisted,buthad
notbeenwidelyusedoutsideof
industrializednations.These
technologiesincludedpesticides,
irrigationprojects,andsynthetic
nitrogenfertilizer.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entr
y/File:Organic-vegetable-cultivation.jpeg
Organic cultivation of mixed
vegetables on an organic farm in
Capay, California

34. Agriculture: Contemporary issues
▪The noveltechnological
developmentoftheGreen
Revolutionwastheproductionof
whatsomereferredtoas“miracle
seeds.”Scientistscreatedstrains
ofmaize,wheat,andricethatare
generallyreferredtoas“high
yieldingvarieties”(HYVs).
▪HYVshaveanincreasednitrogen-
absorbingpotentialcomparedto
othervarieties.
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entr
y/File:Organic-vegetable-cultivation.jpeg
Organic cultivation of mixed
vegetables on an organic farm in
Capay, California

35. Responses to agricultural problems
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entr
y/File:Organic-vegetable-cultivation.jpeg
Organic cultivation of mixed
vegetables on an organic farm in
Capay, California
▪Sustainable agriculture
integratesthreemaingoals:
environmentalstewardship,farm
profitability,andprosperous
farmingcommunities.
▪Thesegoalshavebeendefined
byavarietyofdisciplinesand
maybelookedatfromthe
vantagepointofthefarmeror
theconsumer.

36. Responses to agricultural problems
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entr
y/File:Organic-vegetable-cultivation.jpeg
Organic cultivation of mixed
vegetables on an organic farm in
Capay, California
▪TheuseofOrganicfarming
methods,whichcombine
scientificknowledgeandmodern
technologywithtraditional
farmingpractices
▪Integrated Multi-Trophic
Aquaculture(IMTA),apracticein
whichtheby-products(wastes)
fromonespeciesarerecycledto
becomeinputs(fertilizers,food)
foranother.

37. Technology in Agriculture
and Food Security
▪Technology has played a big
role in developing the
agricultural industry.
▪Innovations in technologies
have modernized the
agricultural field.
▪Various machineries and
tools have helped the
farmers of our country to play
a vital role in developing the
economy.

38. END