The Facade design workshop presentations

Facade Presentation

1. Key Point of Design Key Point of Design
ConsiderationConsideration
 Systems Systems
 DetailsDetails
 MaterialsMaterials
 EngineeringEngineering
 Manufacture / InstallationManufacture / Installation

2. Common Façade SystemsCommon Façade Systems
 Curtain wallCurtain wall
 Glass wallGlass wall
 SkylightSkylight
 CanopyCanopy
 Shading systemShading system
 Metal claddingMetal cladding
 Stone & other material claddingStone & other material cladding

3. Curtain WallCurtain Wall
What is curtain wall?What is curtain wall?
•Building façade which does not carry any dead load from Building façade which does not carry any dead load from
the building other than its own dead loadthe building other than its own dead load
•Loads transferred to main building structure through Loads transferred to main building structure through
connections at floors or columnsconnections at floors or columns
•Designed to resist air and water infiltration, wind forces, Designed to resist air and water infiltration, wind forces,
seismic forces, and its own dead load forcesseismic forces, and its own dead load forces
•Just one of many available façade systemsJust one of many available façade systems

4. Curtain WallCurtain Wall
Type of curtain wall:Type of curtain wall:
1)1)Stick system curtain wallStick system curtain wall
2)2)Semi-unitized curtain wallSemi-unitized curtain wall
3)3)Unitized curtain wallUnitized curtain wall

5. Stick System Curtain WallStick System Curtain Wall
First generation curtain wall
1.1.Curtain wall member are fixed piece by pieceCurtain wall member are fixed piece by piece
2.2.Vertical members are usually installed first which span one or two floorVertical members are usually installed first which span one or two floor
3.3.Horizontal transom members in turn are fixed to mullionsHorizontal transom members in turn are fixed to mullions
4.4.Finally glass / stone / aluminum panels would be fixedFinally glass / stone / aluminum panels would be fixed

6. Stick System Curtain WallStick System Curtain Wall
First generation curtain wall
Advantages:Advantages:
•Great flexibilityGreat flexibility
•Site modification is possibleSite modification is possible
Disadvantages:Disadvantages:
•Difficult to accommodate building movement therefore may cause unnecessary Difficult to accommodate building movement therefore may cause unnecessary
force on members and joints which may lead to tearing out of sealantforce on members and joints which may lead to tearing out of sealant
•Reliance on site applied sealant to keep water out. It’s has poorer quality compare Reliance on site applied sealant to keep water out. It’s has poorer quality compare
to factory glazing due to site restriction & conditionto factory glazing due to site restriction & condition
•Relies heavily on site workmanshipRelies heavily on site workmanship
•Difficulties in quality controlDifficulties in quality control
•Higher chance of water penetration due to lack of floor to floor flashingHigher chance of water penetration due to lack of floor to floor flashing
•External access (scaffolds/gondolas) are needed since part of installation work must External access (scaffolds/gondolas) are needed since part of installation work must
be carry out from exterior of the buildingbe carry out from exterior of the building
•Longer installation timeLonger installation time

7. Stick System Curtain WallStick System Curtain Wall
- - First generation curtain wall

8. Stick System Curtain WallStick System Curtain Wall
-First generation curtain wall

9. Semi-unitized Curtain WallSemi-unitized Curtain Wall
1.1.Mullion installed on site which may span two story.Mullion installed on site which may span two story.
2.2.Sub-frame assembled and glazed in factory Sub-frame assembled and glazed in factory
3.3.Glazed sub-frames are attached to the vertical mullionGlazed sub-frames are attached to the vertical mullion

10. Semi-unitized Curtain WallSemi-unitized Curtain Wall
Advantage:Advantage:
1.1.Can be used for large floor-to-floor heights condition since steel mullion Can be used for large floor-to-floor heights condition since steel mullion
can be used.can be used.
2.2.Less reliant on site workmanship than stick systemLess reliant on site workmanship than stick system
3.3.Cost is cheaper than unitized curtain wallCost is cheaper than unitized curtain wall
Dis-advantage:Dis-advantage:
1.1.System is not pressure equalized. It used as rain screen for building onlySystem is not pressure equalized. It used as rain screen for building only
2.2.Water tightness is not good as unitized curtain wall systemWater tightness is not good as unitized curtain wall system

11. Semi-unitizedSemi-unitized Curtain WallCurtain Wall

12. Semi-unitized Curtain WallSemi-unitized Curtain Wall

13. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
Second generation curtain wall
1.1.Units are assembled & glazed in factoryUnits are assembled & glazed in factory
2.2.Usually all components are included within the unitsUsually all components are included within the units
3.3.Panels are packed on metal or timber palletsPanels are packed on metal or timber pallets
4.4.Transported to site by semi trailersTransported to site by semi trailers
5.5.Hoisted to required floor level by tower craneHoisted to required floor level by tower crane
6.6.Site installation teams shall install individual panels to Site installation teams shall install individual panels to
designated areas (using a monorail or mobile floor crane)designated areas (using a monorail or mobile floor crane)

14. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
Second generation curtain wall
Advantage:Advantage:
1.1.Units are assembled & glazed under controlled shop conditions.Units are assembled & glazed under controlled shop conditions.
2.2.Full pressure equalization drainage system at each floorFull pressure equalization drainage system at each floor
3.3.Accommodates building movementsAccommodates building movements
4.4.Minimizes site operations & Little reliance on site workmanshipMinimizes site operations & Little reliance on site workmanship
5.5.Usually does not require external accessUsually does not require external access
6.6.Shortens Construction Duration. Very efficient for largely repetitive Shortens Construction Duration. Very efficient for largely repetitive
modulesmodules
Disadvantage:Disadvantage:
1.1.Higher cost compare to stick system and semi-unitized curtain wall. Higher cost compare to stick system and semi-unitized curtain wall.

15. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall

16. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Pressure equalize principle

17. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Pressure equalize principle

18. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Pressure equalize principle

19. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall

20. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Stack joint

21. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Stack joint

22. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
BracketBracket

23. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

24. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

25. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

26. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

27. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

28. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

29. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

30. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

31. Unitized Curtain WallUnitized Curtain Wall
-Bracket

32. Glass WallGlass Wall
Type of glass wall:Type of glass wall:
Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support
Glass wall with alum mullion support (semi-unitized or stick Glass wall with alum mullion support (semi-unitized or stick
system)system)
Glass wall with steel mullion support (semi-unitized or stick Glass wall with steel mullion support (semi-unitized or stick
system)system)
Glass wall with spider fitting and steel truss supportGlass wall with spider fitting and steel truss support
Glass wall with spider fitting and tension rod truss supportGlass wall with spider fitting and tension rod truss support

33. Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support
1.1.Use laminated glass as façade and fully tempered glass as fin.Use laminated glass as façade and fully tempered glass as fin.
2.2.Glass fin could be partial length or full heightGlass fin could be partial length or full height
3.3.Glass fin are attached to panes of glass with structural silicon Glass fin are attached to panes of glass with structural silicon
or by bolting the fin to glass using point fixing.or by bolting the fin to glass using point fixing.
4.4.Could get more clearer view for the façadeCould get more clearer view for the façade

34. Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support

35. Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support

36. Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support

37. Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support

38. Glass wall with glass fin supportGlass wall with glass fin support

39. Glass wall with alum or Glass wall with alum or
steel mullion supportsteel mullion support
1.1.Use alum extrusion or steel RHS or ‘Use alum extrusion or steel RHS or ‘I’ I’ sectionsection as mullion as mullion
2.2.If steel mullion been used, it is normally covered by alum If steel mullion been used, it is normally covered by alum
extrusion or claddingextrusion or cladding
3.3.Alum mullion could used for small span condition Alum mullion could used for small span condition only. only.
4.4.Steel mullion is suitable forSteel mullion is suitable for mediummedium span situation span situation

40. Glass wall with alum or steel mullion Glass wall with alum or steel mullion
supportsupport

41. Glass wall with alum or steel mullion Glass wall with alum or steel mullion
supportsupport

42. Glass wall with alum or steel mullion Glass wall with alum or steel mullion
supportsupport

43. Glass wall with alum or steel mullion Glass wall with alum or steel mullion
supportsupport

44. Glass wall with steel truss and SS spider fitting Glass wall with steel truss and SS spider fitting
supportsupport
1.1.Steel truss as primary structureSteel truss as primary structure
2.2.CHS is commonly used sectionCHS is commonly used section
3.3.The system been used for very large span situationThe system been used for very large span situation

45. Glass wall with steel truss and SS spider Glass wall with steel truss and SS spider
fitting supportfitting support

46. Glass wall with steel truss and Glass wall with steel truss and
SS spider fitting supportSS spider fitting support

47. Glass wall with steel truss and SS spider Glass wall with steel truss and SS spider
fitting supportfitting support

48. Glass wall with steel tension rod truss and SS Glass wall with steel tension rod truss and SS
spider fitting spider fitting
1.1.Steel tension rod truss as primary Steel tension rod truss as primary structurestructure
2.2.Glass wall has effect of transparent, brightness. Glass wall has effect of transparent, brightness.
3.3.Range of application most suitable for very large Range of application most suitable for very large
span situationspan situation

49. Glass wall with steel tension rod truss Glass wall with steel tension rod truss
supportsupport

50. Glass wall with steel tension rod truss Glass wall with steel tension rod truss
supportsupport

51. Glass wall with steel tension rod truss Glass wall with steel tension rod truss
supportsupport

52. Glass wall with steel tension rod truss Glass wall with steel tension rod truss
supportsupport

53. Façade MaterialsFaçade Materials
GlassGlass
AluminumAluminum
Metal claddingMetal cladding
Stone & other type of claddingStone & other type of cladding
•

54. Aluminum ExtrusionAluminum Extrusion
Most important member – the ‘bone’ of curtain Most important member – the ‘bone’ of curtain
wallwall
Produced by pushing semi-liquid aluminum Produced by pushing semi-liquid aluminum
through a die under giant pressure through a die under giant pressure
Extrusions could have very complex shapesExtrusions could have very complex shapes
•

55. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing
AnodizingAnodizing
Powder CoatingPowder Coating
PVDFPVDF

56. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing
AnodizingAnodizing
Oxide film produced by electrolytic process on Oxide film produced by electrolytic process on
aluminum surface. aluminum surface.
It has inconsistent finishIt has inconsistent finish
Pre treatment is needed to eliminate die lines Pre treatment is needed to eliminate die lines
Less color selections. It comes in clear, bronze, black Less color selections. It comes in clear, bronze, black
and other tinted colors onlyand other tinted colors only
Difficult field touch up.Difficult field touch up.

57. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing AnodizingAnodizing

58. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing
Powder coatPowder coat
A colored polyester paint in powder form that is spread onto A colored polyester paint in powder form that is spread onto
the surface of aluminum and baked in oven. the surface of aluminum and baked in oven.
Powder coat is harder finish and more resistant to scratching. Powder coat is harder finish and more resistant to scratching.
It’s best suit for interior use. It’s best suit for interior use.
Limited UV protectionLimited UV protection
It’s easy to touch up on siteIt’s easy to touch up on site
There are large range of solid color and limited metallic colorsThere are large range of solid color and limited metallic colors

59. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing Powder coatPowder coat

60. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing
PVDF PVDF
A A Inorganic liquid paint spread onto surface and baked in liquid paint spread onto surface and baked in
oven oven
Most commonly used for external aluminum finish since its Most commonly used for external aluminum finish since its
excellent UV protection to keep the color from fading. excellent UV protection to keep the color from fading.
It’s available in large rang of solid & metallic colors It’s available in large rang of solid & metallic colors
Since it is softer, easily been scratched, not recommended Since it is softer, easily been scratched, not recommended
for interior use.for interior use.
Difficult to touch up on siteDifficult to touch up on site

61. Aluminum FinishingAluminum Finishing
PVDFPVDF

62. GlassGlass
Type of glassType of glass
Clear float glassClear float glass
Tinted glassTinted glass
Tempered and heat-strengthened glass Tempered and heat-strengthened glass
Laminated glassLaminated glass
Insulated glassInsulated glass
Low- E coated glassLow- E coated glass
•

63. Clear float glassClear float glass
High visibility and optical clarityHigh visibility and optical clarity
High Visible light transmissionHigh Visible light transmission
It’s basic glass to fabricate into other products including: It’s basic glass to fabricate into other products including:
tempered , insulated, laminated. etctempered , insulated, laminated. etc
Thickness range from 3mm to 25mm, 6mm to 19mm are Thickness range from 3mm to 25mm, 6mm to 19mm are
commonly used commonly used
Typically limited to small glazed areas in residential projects
•

64. Tinted glassTinted glass
Produced by adding metal oxides and melted into the glass when Produced by adding metal oxides and melted into the glass when
glass is madeglass is made
Reduced Solar Heat Gain and Solar TransmissionReduced Solar Heat Gain and Solar Transmission
Lower Visible Light Transmittance compare to clear glassLower Visible Light Transmittance compare to clear glass
Glare reducingGlare reducing
Tinted glass tend to has thermal breakage. Must heat-treated.Tinted glass tend to has thermal breakage. Must heat-treated.

65. Tempered and heat-Tempered and heat-
strengthened glassstrengthened glass
•Process - Annealed glass is subjected to a special heat-treatment in
which it is heated to about 680°C and afterwards cooled. If it is cooled
rapidly, the glass is up to four times stronger then annealed glass and
its breaks into many small fragments (fully-tempered). If it is cooled
slowly, the glass is twice as strong as annealed glass and the fragments
of the broken glass are linear and more likely to remain in the
frame(Heat-strengthened)
Higher resistance to thermal stress than annealed glassHigher resistance to thermal stress than annealed glass
Use where safety glazing is requiredUse where safety glazing is required
Commonly used for glass shop front/entrance High-risk human contact Commonly used for glass shop front/entrance High-risk human contact
areasareas
•

66. Laminated glassLaminated glass
Offers great personal safety upon breakage as it tend to Offers great personal safety upon breakage as it tend to
remain in placeremain in place
Provides additional securityProvides additional security
Improved sound controlImproved sound control
Good for overhead and safety/ security applicants for Good for overhead and safety/ security applicants for
example skylight, bullet and bomb blast resistant glass example skylight, bullet and bomb blast resistant glass
Edge must be protected from moisture otherwise will cause Edge must be protected from moisture otherwise will cause
de-lamination de-lamination
•

67. Glass breakage patternGlass breakage pattern

68. Insulated glassInsulated glass
Reduce heating and cooling cost by reducing air-Reduce heating and cooling cost by reducing air-
to-air heat transferto-air heat transfer
Reduce condensationReduce condensation
Reduce sound transmissionReduce sound transmission
Increase personal comfortIncrease personal comfort
Good for very hot & very cold climates and help in Good for very hot & very cold climates and help in
energy conservationenergy conservation
•

69. Low-E coated glassLow-E coated glass
Low-E glass has special coating for great energy savings. When it’s hot, the Low-E glass has special coating for great energy savings. When it’s hot, the
coating reduced heat gain from the sun getting into building. When it’s coating reduced heat gain from the sun getting into building. When it’s
cold, the coating reduced heat lost from interior the buildingcold, the coating reduced heat lost from interior the building
There are two type of low-e coating: 1) Hard coat -- On-line coating is There are two type of low-e coating: 1) Hard coat -- On-line coating is
applied while glass still hot and it is fused to the glass surface. 2) Soft coat – applied while glass still hot and it is fused to the glass surface. 2) Soft coat –
Off-line coating is applied individual panes of glass after glass has been Off-line coating is applied individual panes of glass after glass has been
manufactured and cut.manufactured and cut.
Low-E glass improved great thermal performance without losing light Low-E glass improved great thermal performance without losing light
transmission too much.transmission too much.
It has high performance with low reflectivityIt has high performance with low reflectivity
It reduced UV transmittance It reduced UV transmittance
•

70. Low-E coated glassLow-E coated glass

71. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Aluminum extrusion machining include: cutting, milling, drilling, etc Aluminum extrusion machining include: cutting, milling, drilling, etc
Curtain wall frame assemblyCurtain wall frame assembly
GlazingGlazing
Structural & weather sealant application Structural & weather sealant application
Packing Packing
StorageStorage
Deliver to siteDeliver to site
Vertical transport to each levelVertical transport to each level
Pre- installed floor bracketPre- installed floor bracket
Curtain wall installationCurtain wall installation
•

72. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Aluminum extrusion machining include: cutting, milling, drilling, etcAluminum extrusion machining include: cutting, milling, drilling, etc
•

73. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Curtain wall frame assemblyCurtain wall frame assembly

74. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
GlazingGlazing

75. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Structural & weather sealant application Structural & weather sealant application

76. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Packing and StoragePacking and Storage

77. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Deliver to siteDeliver to site

78. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Vertical transport to each floor levelVertical transport to each floor level

79. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Pre- installed floor bracketPre- installed floor bracket

80. Manufactory & installation Manufactory & installation
Curtain wall installationCurtain wall installation