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1. Pressure Measurement Devices-Part 2 [phone] Telephone 123 Anywhere St., Any City, ST 12345 www.reallygreatsite.com Address Website December 2023 By Professor Ibraheem Haneef Instrumentation & Measurement

2. 01 04 02 05 03 06 TABLE OF CONTENT Hello Friends! Problems & Solutions About Us Market Size What We Believe Statistic PITCH DECK PRESENTATION Thynk Unlimited

3. Resonant-Wire Device Overview : Uses a tensioned wire that vibrates at a frequency depending on the pressure. Working Principle : Measures frequency changes to determine the pressure . Explanation A typical resonant-wire device is shown schematically in Fig. 15.7. Wire is stretched across a chamber containing fluid at unknown pressure subjected to a magnetic field. The wire resonates at its natural frequency according to its tension, which varies with pressure. Thus pressure is calculated by measuring the frequency of vibration of the wire. Fig, 15.7 Resonant Wire Device

4. MEMS Pressure Sensors MEMS pressure sensors are used to measure the pressure of both air and various other gases. Their basic structure is shown in Fig. 15.8 . It consists of a thin silicon diaphragm of typical thickness 100 mm on a silicon substrate. The diaphragm bends under the action of the measured pressure applied to it . Working Principles: - There are two main ways in which this deflection is measured : - By mounting piezo-resistors on the diaphragm surface. By measuring the capacitance change between the diaphragm and a silicon beam above the diaphragm Fig, 15.8 MEMS Pressure Sensor

5. Thermocouple Gauge Definition Working Principle The thermocouple gauge is one of a group of gauges working on the thermal conductivity principle . At low pressure, the kinematic theory of gases predicts a linear relationship between pressure and thermal conductivity. Thus measurement of thermal conductivity gives an indication of pressure. Operation of the gauge depends on the thermal conduction of heat between a thin, hot metal strip in the center and the cold outer surface of a glass tube (that is normally at room temperature). The metal strip is heated by passing a current through it and its temperature is measured by a thermocouple. The temperature measured depends on the thermal conductivity of the gas in the tube and hence on its pressure. Fig. 15.9 Thermocouple Gauge

6. 01 02 Pirani Gauge Pressure Measurement Gauge This is similar to a thermocouple gauge but has a heated element that consists of four coiled tungsten wires connected in parallel. Two identical tubes are normally used, connected in a bridge circuit as shown in Fig. 15.10(b), with one containing the gas at unknown pressure and the other evacuated to a very low pressure. 03 Current is passed through the tungsten element, which attains a certain temperature according to the thermal conductivity of the gas. The resistance of the element changes with temperature and causes an imbalance of the measurement bridge. Fig. 15.10(a) Pirani Gauge Fig. 15.10(b) Bridge Circuit

7. 01 02 Heating the Filament:  A fine wire is heated using a small electrical current. Heat Dissipation : The filament loses heat through conduction to surrounding gas molecules. At higher pressures, more molecules interact with the filament, increasing heat loss. At lower pressures, fewer molecules interact, reducing heat loss. 03 Resistance Change Measurement:  The resistance of the filament changes as its temperature changes due to varying heat dissipation. The Wheatstone bridge: circuit detects this resistance change and converts it into an electrical signal that corresponds to the vacuum pressure. 04 Calibration and Readout : The output is calibrated to display pressure readings in appropriate units. 05 Pirani Gauge Working Principle

8. McLeod gauge: 01 In McLeod Gauge, low pressure fluid is compressed to a higher pressure that is then read by manometer techniques. In essence, the gauge can be visualized as a U-tube manometer that is sealed at one end, and where the bottom of the U can be blocked at will. 02 To operate the gauge, the piston is first withdrawn. This causes the level of mercury in the lower part of the gauge to fall below the level of the junction J between the two tubes marked Y and Z in the gauge. Fluid at unknown pressure Pu is then introduced via the tube marked Z, from where it also flows into the tube of cross-sectional area A marked Y. 03 Next, the piston is pushed in, moving the mercury level up to block the junction J. At the stage where J is just blocked, the fluid in tube Y is at pressure Pu and is contained in a known volume Vu. Further movement of the piston compresses the fluid in tube Y, and this process continues until the mercury level in tube Z reaches a zero mark. Measurement of the height (h) above the mercury column in tube Y then allows calculation of the compressed volume of the fluid Vc as: Vc ¼ hA . Fig. 15.10(a) McLeod Gauge

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