The french and indian war

1. The French and Indian The French and Indian
WarWar

2. Competing European Claims Competing European Claims
In the middle of the 18th century, In the middle of the 18th century,
France and England had competing France and England had competing
claims for land in North America. claims for land in North America.
The French held trapping and trade The French held trapping and trade
routes in the Ohio Valley.routes in the Ohio Valley.
 The English colonies were The English colonies were
encroaching on French territory are the encroaching on French territory are the
population grew.population grew.
They also competed over trade issues They also competed over trade issues
with the Native Americans in the with the Native Americans in the
disputed region. disputed region.

3. Competing European ClaimsCompeting European Claims

4. The Battle of Fort NecessityThe Battle of Fort Necessity
The French set up forts along to The French set up forts along to
protect their fur trading interests. protect their fur trading interests.
Some of these forts conflicted with Some of these forts conflicted with
English claims.English claims.
Virginia Governor Dinwiddie Virginia Governor Dinwiddie
dispatched a young George dispatched a young George
Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest
to the French. This protest was to the French. This protest was
ignored. ignored.
The British sent a party to construct a The British sent a party to construct a
fort on the site of modern Pittsburg. fort on the site of modern Pittsburg.
Young George Washington

5. The Battle of Fort NecessityThe Battle of Fort Necessity
The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on
the site. the site.
The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site.
Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American
numbers. numbers.
Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to
surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian
War. War.
A recreation of Ft. Necessity.

6. The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress
In 1754, war was inevitable.In 1754, war was inevitable.
The colonies sent delegates to Albany The colonies sent delegates to Albany
to discuss strategy for common to discuss strategy for common
defense. defense.
They approved a document written by They approved a document written by
Benjamin Franklin promoting a Benjamin Franklin promoting a
substructure of government below substructure of government below
British authority to govern the British authority to govern the
colonies. colonies.
The council would be comprised of The council would be comprised of
elected representatives from each elected representatives from each
colony and headed by a President-colony and headed by a President-
General appointed by the crown. General appointed by the crown.
The colonies were not ready for The colonies were not ready for
political union and it is unlikely that the political union and it is unlikely that the
British government would have British government would have
supported the plan.supported the plan.
"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the colonies.

7. 9. That the assent of the President-General 9. That the assent of the President-General
be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council,
and that it be his office and duty to cause and that it be his office and duty to cause
them to be carried into execution. them to be carried into execution.
10. That the President-General, with the 10. That the President-General, with the
advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct
all Indian treaties… and make peace or all Indian treaties… and make peace or
declare war with Indian nations. declare war with Indian nations.
11. That they make such laws as they judge 11. That they make such laws as they judge
necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …
15. That they raise and pay soldiers and 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and
build forts for the defence of any of the build forts for the defence of any of the
Colonies… Colonies…
16. That for these purposes they have power 16. That for these purposes they have power
to make laws, and lay and levy such general to make laws, and lay and levy such general
duties, imposts, or taxes… duties, imposts, or taxes…
““[the President]…he shall take care that the [the President]…he shall take care that the
laws be faithfully executed…”laws be faithfully executed…”
““[the President]…shall have power, by and [the President]…shall have power, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, to with the advice and consent of the Senate, to
make treaties, provided two thirds of the make treaties, provided two thirds of the
Senators present concur…”Senators present concur…”
““[Congress will] regulate Commerce with [Congress will] regulate Commerce with
foreign Nations, and among the several States, foreign Nations, and among the several States,
and with the Indian Tribes…”and with the Indian Tribes…”
““[Congress will] raise and support Armies…To [Congress will] raise and support Armies…To
provide and maintain a Navy…”provide and maintain a Navy…”
““The Congress shall have Power To lay and The Congress shall have Power To lay and
collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”
From the Albany Plan of Union
(1754)
From the Constitution
(1787)

8. Braddock’s DefeatBraddock’s Defeat
In July 1755, the British sent a force In July 1755, the British sent a force
from Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne. from Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne.
The heavy force was defeated by the The heavy force was defeated by the
smaller French force and their Native smaller French force and their Native
American allies. American allies.
Both the British commander, Both the British commander,
Braddock, and the French commander Braddock, and the French commander
Beaujeu, were killed. Beaujeu, were killed.
23 year old George Washington won 23 year old George Washington won
accolades for rallying the defeated accolades for rallying the defeated
British and preventing the battle from British and preventing the battle from
turning into a rout. turning into a rout.
The first two years of fighting were The first two years of fighting were
characterized by humiliating defeats for characterized by humiliating defeats for
the British.the British.

9. The Seven Years War in EuropeThe Seven Years War in Europe
The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger
conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.
Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony,
Russia, Sweden and Spain. Russia, Sweden and Spain.
Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and
committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in
North America. North America.
The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.

10. Fortunes ReverseFortunes Reverse
In 1757, expansion advocate In 1757, expansion advocate
William Pitt became the British William Pitt became the British
Prime Minister and vowed to lead Prime Minister and vowed to lead
country to victory. country to victory.
Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on:
expelling the French from North expelling the French from North
AmericaAmerica
buying the cooperation by the buying the cooperation by the
colonists by stimulating the North colonists by stimulating the North
American economy with a massive American economy with a massive
infusion of British currencyinfusion of British currency
buying the support of the Native buying the support of the Native
Americans with promises of fixed Americans with promises of fixed
territorial boundaries. territorial boundaries.

11. Fortunes Reverse Fortunes Reverse
The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing
strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines. strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines.
The British conquered Quebec in 1759. The British conquered Quebec in 1759.
In 1760, they captured Montreal. In 1760, they captured Montreal.
In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French
colonies in the Caribbean. colonies in the Caribbean.

The French Empire in North America came to an end.The French Empire in North America came to an end.

12. French Defeat: Treaty of Easton French Defeat: Treaty of Easton
The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758,
essentially sealed France’s fate. essentially sealed France’s fate.
In the treaty, the British promised the In the treaty, the British promised the
Six Iroquois Nations to stop Six Iroquois Nations to stop
settlements west of the Alleghenies in settlements west of the Alleghenies in
exchange for their neutrality in the war. exchange for their neutrality in the war.
This caused the French to abandon This caused the French to abandon
Fort Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit Fort Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit
and Montreal, the last two French and Montreal, the last two French
strongholds in North America, had strongholds in North America, had
fallen. fallen.
This was the end of major fighting in This was the end of major fighting in
North America. North America.

13. The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris
The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War.
The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain and ceded its
territory east of the Mississippi to the British.territory east of the Mississippi to the British.
The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the Eastern seaboard.

14. Pontiac's Rebellion Pontiac's Rebellion
Native Americans quickly grew Native Americans quickly grew
disenchanted with the British. disenchanted with the British.
The British exhibited little cultural The British exhibited little cultural
sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to
stop encroachments on Indian land.stop encroachments on Indian land.
This unrest culminated in a rebellion by This unrest culminated in a rebellion by
Pontiac, a Native American leader who Pontiac, a Native American leader who
united various tribes with the goal of united various tribes with the goal of
expelling the British. expelling the British.
The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.
Massacres and atrocities occurred on Massacres and atrocities occurred on
both sides— most notably, British both sides— most notably, British
General Jeffrey Amherst gave the General Jeffrey Amherst gave the
Native Americans blankets infested Native Americans blankets infested
with smallpox. with smallpox.

15. Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie
Indians Indians
(May 5, 1763)(May 5, 1763)
““It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which
seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply
our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells
us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. …us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. …
When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our
comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers
do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses
with the reply that he has no use for us. …with the reply that he has no use for us. …
Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

16. The Royal Proclamation of 1763The Royal Proclamation of 1763
Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt
to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.
Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”
The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the
Revolutionary War. Revolutionary War.

18. Slide 2: http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg
Slide 3: http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpg
Slide 4: http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html
Slide 5: http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg
Slide 6: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpg
Slide 7: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm
http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleii.html#section2
Slide 8: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.46.jpg
Slide 9: http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Maps/map-7YrsWar-1756-1763.jpg
Slide 10: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/chatham.jpg
Slide 11: http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/west_deathwolfe.jpg
Slide 12: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpg
Slide 13: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/images/british-era-1763-75.jpg
Slide 14: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h598.html
Slide 15: http://asp1.umbc.edu/newmedia/sites/chetah/pdf/r2.pdf
Slide 16: http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his101/pix/proc.jpg
Slide 17: http://www.hfcsd.org/marozell/images/bloody%20pond.jpg
Photo and Text Citations