The grammar of experiential meaning

Transitivity

1. The grammar of Experiential Meaning: Transitivity

2. Clause as representation: transitivity Clause also represents experience (ideational meaning: experiential) Basically experience consists of three constituents: - process or the event / happening, realized in verbal groups. - participants, realized in nominal groups, and - circumstance, realized in nominal groups or prepositional phrase. In English, there are 6 types of processes: material, mental, verbal, behavioral, relational, and existential processes.

3. Process participants circumstances Transitivity structure

4. Types of processes

5. Process Types and Participant Roles Process type Category Meaning Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Material Doing Happening Outside human being Actor Goal Recipient (to) Client (for) Mental Sensing Inside human being One human participant Reversible in participant Senser Phenomenon - Relational Being and Having Identifying Attributing Carrier Token Value Attribute Beneficiary Beneficiary Verbal Saying Informing Sayer Verbiage Receiver Behavioral Physiological Behaver - - Existential Existence of entity - Existent -

6. Material process A process of doing, physical action. There are two types of material process: happening and doing. Happening material process is characterized by the absence of goal, while doing material process is characterized with the presence of goal. Participants in material process involves: actor (the doer), goal (affected participant), beneficiary (client and recipient), and range.

7. Material process

8. Material process

9. material process

10. Mental Process A process of sensing: perception, cognition, and affection. Perception: perceive, see, notice, observe, feel, smell, taste, hear, etc. Cognition: assume, believe, conclude, consider, discover, doubt, etc. Affection: enjoy, relish, regret, like, fear, dread. Favor, love, prefer, etc. Participants: senser and phenomenon Three types of phenomena: micro (thing), macro (thing with embedded process), meta (an idea)

11. mental process

12. Verbal process A process of saying Participants: sayer , verbiage, receiver

13. Behavioral process Process of behaving 2 types: verbal behavior and mental behavior Verbal behavior: talk, chat, converse, speak, call, discuss, abuse, flatter, etc. The participants: behaver , receiver, verbiage. Mental behavior: look at, watch, listen to, experience, survey, smile, laugh, cry, memorize, concentrate, mediate, etc. The participants include behaver , and phenomenon. The example :

14. Relational process Attributive relational process: a process of giving attribute to a thing participants : carrier and attribute types of attributives: appearance : be, seem, appear, sound, look , taste, smell, feel, etc. phase : become, remain, turn, grow, run, come , keep, stay, etc. measure : weight, cost, measure, number Two types: attributive and identifying

15. For Example

16. Identifying relational process A process of giving a value to a thing Participants: token and value Types: - Be: is, am, are, was, were, been - Equality: equal, add up to, make, come out as/at, amount to, translate, render, paraphrase, reformulate, transliterate - Signification: signify, expound, code, encode, express , realize, spell, write, transcribe, read, mean, denote , connote, define, call, name - Representation: symbolize, represent , stand for, refer to, imply, index, express, reflect , personify - Indication: indicate, suggest, betoken, connote , smack of, evoke, reveal - Role: play/act as, function, portray, typify , personify

17. Identifying relational process For Example:

18. Existential process A process of projecting that something exists Participant: existent For example :

19. The man bought an apple Actor Process: Material Goal The man gave me an apple Actor Process: Material Client Goal The man likes an apple Senser Process: Mental Phenomenon The man is the teacher Token Process: Relational Value The man is a teacher Carrier Process: Relational Attribute EXAMPLES

20. The man has an apple Possessor Process: Relational Possessed The man told the truth Sayer Process: Verbal Verbiage The man smiled Behaver Process: Behavioural The man told us the truth Sayer Process: Verbal Receiver Verbiage There are some boys in the field - Process: Existential Existent Circumstance EXAMPLES

21. Circumstance There are 9 types of circumstances Extent Location manner Cause Contingency accompaniment Role Matter Angle

22. Type Wh -item Examples of realization 1. Extent Distance Duration frequency How far? How long? How many times? for; throughout ‘measured’; nominal group for; throughout ‘measured’; nominal group ‘measured’ nominal group 2.Location Place where ? [there, here] at , in, on, by, near; to, towards, into, onto, (away) from, out of, off; behind, in front of, above, below, under, alongside . . . adverb of place: abroad, overseas, home, upstairs, downstairs, inside, outside; out, up, down, behind; left, right, straight . . .; there, here time when? [then, now] at, in, on; to, until, till, towards, into, from, since, during, before, after adverb of time: today, yesterday, tomorrow; now, then

23. Type Wh -item Examples of realization 3. Manner means how? [thus] by, through, with, by means of, out of )+ material), from quality how? [thus] in + a + quality (e.g. dignified) + manner/way, with + abstraction (e.g. dignity); according to adverbs in - ly , -wise; fast, well; together, jointly, separately, respectively comparison how? what like? like, unlike; in + the manner of . . . adverbs of comparison differently degree how much? to + a high/low/ . . . degree/extent; adverbs of degree much, greatly, considerably, deeply [often collocationally linked to lexical verb, e.g. love + deeply, understand + completely]

24. Type Wh -item Examples of realization 4. Cause reason why? reason why? because of, as a result of, thanks to, due to, for want of, for, of, out of, through Purpose why? purpose why? what for? for, for the purpose of, for the sake of, in the hope of behalf who for? behalf who for? for, for the sake of, in favour of, against [‘not in favour of’], on behalf of degree how much? to + a high/low/ . . . degree/extent; adverbs of degree much, greatly, considerably, deeply [often collocationally linked to lexical verb, e.g. love + deeply, understand + completely] 5.Contingency condition why? in case of, in the event of

25. Type Wh -item Examples of realization default in default of, in the absence of, short of, without [‘if it had not been for’] concession concession despite, in spite of 6. Accompaniment Comitative who/what with? with; without additive And who/ what else? as well as, besides; instead of 7. Role guise what as? as, by way of, in the role/shape/guise/form of product what into? into 8. Matter what about? about, concerning, on, of, with reference to, in [‘with respect to’]9. 9. Angle source viewpoint Angle source according to, in the words of to, in the view/opinion of, from the standpoint of

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