The Industrial Revolution

1. THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

2. •The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major
changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on
the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread
throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial
Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life
was eventually influenced in some way. Starting in the latter part of the 18th century there
began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft animal–based
economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanization of the t
extile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined
coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and
railways. The introduction of steam power fuelled primarily by coal, wider utilization of water
wheels and powered machinery (mainly in textile manufacturing) underpinned the dramatic
increases in production capacity. The development of all-metal machine tools in the first two
decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for
manufacturing in other industries. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North
America during the 19th century, eventually affecting most of the world. The impact of this
change on society was enormous.
•The First Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second
Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained
momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th
century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. GDP per capita
was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern
capitalist economy. The Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in
capitalist economies. Historians agree that the Industrial Revolution was one of the most
important events in history. The most significant inventions had their origins in the Western
world, primarily Europe and the United States.
•(Taken from Wikipedia)

3. WHY FIRST IN GREAT BRITAIN?
•Changes in Farming
•Development of trading in 18th century= access
to raw materials and new markets
•The development of farming and trade produces
big incomes that could be invested in new
activities such as the new industry
•Entrepeneur’s mentality between both nobility
and gentry that controlled Government and
Parliament and was favoured by its laws

4. Which changed first, farming or industry?
Farming, after Paul Bairoch
The new farming
Increased
The yields The demand of iron The standard of living
More money to invest Growth of iron industry Demand for cloth

5. Old and new farming
•Extensive agriculture
•Leave the land fallow
•Low yields
•Old tools
•Cyclical famines
•High mortality
•Intensive agriculture
•Crop rotation
•High yields
•New tools
•No famines
•Population growth

6. Old and new farming

7. The First Industrial Revolution
1760-1850
Characteristics

8. New machines
•First in the textile industry and especially
in the cotton industry
•The Steam engine. James Watt
•The iron industry=developing of coal
mining
•The locomotive and the railway: the
revolution of transport

9. New machines and factories

10. •Factory system: each worker created a
separate part of the total assembly of a product,
thus increasing the efficiency of factories.
Workers, paid by salary, and machines, were
brought together in a central factory under the
same roof instead of the old domestic system.

11. Social consequences
•Exploitation of workers, especially women
and children, in factories and mines
•High mortality rate in industrial areas
•Growth of the industrial cities
•Bad housing
•Beginning of Trade Unions

13. Transport Revolution,
Consequences
•Increase in the demand for iron.
•Transportation of goods, quicker, further
and cheaper
• People can also travel quicker, cheaper
and further

14. The second industrial revolution
1850-1945
Characteristics

15. •News energies: petroleum and
hydroelectric power
•New types of industries: electrical,
chemical, steel…
•New means of transport: automobile,
electric trains and trams, aircrafts
•New countries: USA, Germany and Japan
•New forms of working: the ford system
•New enterprises: trust

16. Demographical changes
•Farming provide more food= less mortality
•Science development=improvements in
health, such as vaccines=less mortality
•Less mortality= population growth
•Factories locate in cities=workers
emigrate to cities that become greater and
greater. London had 1 million inhabitants
in 1811.
•Migrations to other continents, especially
from Europe to America

17. Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834). “An
Essay on the Principle of Population “

18. The Demographic Transition Model
(DTM)