THE KIDNEY.

Kidney is a vital organ. Each individual has a pair of kidneys .
kidney is bean shaped organ on either side of your spine, below your ribs and behind your belly. Each kidney is about 4 - 5 inches long, roughly the size of a large fist.
The kidney job is to filter the blood.
kidney is reddish brown in color.
kidneys are also called as retro-peritoneal organ.
There are three layers of tissues that surrounds kidney
1. renal capsule
2. adipose capsule
3. renal fascia.

1. WELCOME

2. PRESENTATION ON
KIDNEY
PRESENTED TO
:- PRESENTED BY :-
RESPECTED MRS. SAPNA MA’AM KOKAB ARA ZARGAR
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT KVIN ) BSC (N) 4TH YEAR (616)
PRESENTED ON :-
31 MARCH,2021

3. OBJECTIVES
•GENERAl OBJECTIVES :-
•To make the students aware about the anatomy and
physiology of kidney.
•SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES :-
•At the end of the presentation, the group will be able to :-
•define about urinary system.
•explain about location, size, shape and color of kidney.
•define coverings of kidney.
•explain gross structure of kidney.
•explain about microscopic structure of kidney.
•explain about functions of kidney.
•explain about structure and function of ureters
.

4. INTRODUCTION TO
URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system is the
main excretory system
and consists of the
following structures ;
Two kidneys
Two ureters
Bladder
Urethra

5. INTRODUCTION TO
KIDNEY:-
Kidney is a paired vital organ that
removes waste products from the blood
and regulates fluid and electrolyte levels
within the body.
lOCATION
Kidney are a pair of excretory organs on
the posterior abdominal walls,
•Above the waist.
•Extending from upper border of T12 to
L3
vertebra.
•Partially protected 11
th
and 12
th
pairs of
ribs.

6. HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
SIZE:-
Each kidney is about 11cm long,
6cm thick and weigh about
150g in males and 135g in
females.
•Kidneys are bean shaped
•Reddish in color.
SHAPE AND COlOUR

7. RElATIONS
RIGHT KIDNEY
SUPERIORlY:-
•Right adrenal gland
ANTERIORlY:-
•Right lobe of liver,
second part of the
duodenum, hepatic
flexure of the colon POSTERIORlY:-
•Posterior abdominal
wall muscles, the
diaphragm.
LEFT KIDNEY
SUPERIORlY:-
•The left adrenal
gland
ANTERIORlY:-
•The spleen, stomach,
pancreas, jejunum
and splenic flexure
of colon.
POSTERIORlY:-
•Posterior abdominal
wall muscle, the
diaphragm.

8. TISSUES OF KIDNEY
THERE ARE THREE LAYERS OF TISSUES SURROUNDING
EACH KIDNEY :-
1.RENAL CAPSULE:-
IT IS THE DEEPER AND IT IS SMOOTH, TRANSPARENT, FIBROUS MEMBRANETHAT IS
CONTINUOUS WITH THE URETER.
2. ADIPOSE CAPSULE:-
IT IS A MASS OF FATTY TISSUE SURROUNDING THE RENAL CAPSULE
.
3. RENAL FASCIA:-
IT IS THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER, AND IS THIN LAYER OF DENSE IRREGULAR
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

9. GROSS STRUCTURE OF
KIDNEY:-
On longitudinal section of kidney;
FIBROUS CAPSULE :-
It surrounds the kidney, made up of
dense fibrous connective tissue.
CORTEX :-
A reddish brown layer of tissue lie below
the capsule.
MEDULLA :-
It is the inner most layer which is reddish
brown in colour. It contains 8-18 cone
shaped structure termed as renal
pyramids

10. RENAL HILUM :-
The renal hilum is a part with
central fissure where the renal
blood and lymph vessels, ureter
and nerve enters.
RENAL PELVIS AND CALYX :-
Inner to hilum is a broad funnel
shaped structure that collects urine
formed by the kidney.
Renal pelvis is divided into major
and minor calyx.

11. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
OF KIDNEY:-
A KIDNEY IS COMPOSED OF ABOUT 1-2 MILLION
FUNCTIONAL UNITS CALLED NEPHRONS.
NEPHRON
:-
THE NEPHRON CONSISTS OF A TUBULE CLOSED AT
ONE END, THE OTHER END OPENING INTO A
COLLECTING TUBULE. A NEPHRON IS COILED TUFT
AND IS ABOUT 3CM LONG.

12. PARTS OF NEPHRON
:-
RENAL CORPUSLE :-
It is the head of the nephron.
(A) Bowman’s capsule
(B) Glomerulus
RENAL TUBULE :-
The tubular passage way of the
nephron.
(A) Proximal Convoluted Tubule
(B) Loop of Henle
(C) Distal Convoluted Tubule
(D) Collecting Duct

13. RENAl CAPSUlE
(1) BOWMAN’S CAPSULE :-
It is the cover of the capsule that surrounds the
glomerulus.
(2) GLOMERULUS :-
It is the network of capillaries found inside the
corpuscle.
OTHER STRUCTURE:-
(A) AFFERENT ARTERIOLE.
(B) EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

14. RENAl TUBUlE
(1) PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE :-
It is the second part of the nephron. This part has
epithelial cells
(2) LOOP OF HENLE:-
It is U-shaped tube consisting of a descending and an
ascending limb.
(3) DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE :-
It is the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

15. CONTINUED
•COLLECTING DUCT
It is the straight tubule joined by the distal tubule.it received fluid
from DCT. It is the last segment to save water for the body.
JUXTAGlOMERUlAR APPARATUS
It is the name given to specialized cells located very near to the
glomerulus.
It consists of three types of cells:-
(A) JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
(B)MACULA DENSA CELLS
(C) MESSANGIAL CELLS

16. TYPES OF
NEPHRONS
CORTICAl NEPHRON JUXTAMEDUllARY NEPHRON
TYPES OF
NEPHRONS
CORTICAl NEPHRON JUXTAMEDUllARY NEPHRON
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17. Slide 16
kz1
koukab zargar, 25-03-2021

18. BlOOD SUPPlY TO KIDNEY
ARTERIAl SUPPlY
Abdominal aorta
Renal artery
Segmental arteries
Interlobar arteries
Arcuate arteries
Interlobular
Form 5 –6 capillaries

19. VENOUS SUPPlY
Inferior vena cava
Renal veins
Segmental veins
Interlobar veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobular veins

20. FUNCTION OF KIDNEY
(A) URINE FORMATION
URINE:-
It is composed of water, certain electrolytes and
various waste products that are filtered out of the
blood system.
The kidneys 2 million or more nephrons form urine by
three precisely regulated processes :-
FIlTRATION
SElECTIVE REABSORPTION
TUBUlAR SECRETION

21. FIlTRATION
This takes place through the
semipermeable walls of the glomerulus.
About 1300 ml of blood enters the kidney
each minute.
Water and other small molecules pass
through, some are reabsorbed later.
Blood cells, plasma protein and other large
molecules are not able to pass though and
therefore remain in capillaries.

22. CONTINUED
Filtration takes place because
there is a difference between the
blood pressure in glomerulus
(55mmHg) and the pressure of
filtrate in the capsule (15mmHg).
Filtration occur through osmosis and
diffusion.
The volume of filtrate formed by each
kidney is called Glomerular filtration
rate.
In an healthy adult GFR rate is 125ml
i.e. 180 L per day.

23. SElECTIVE REABSORPTION
Most reabsorption from the filtrate back into
the blood that takes place in PCT whose walls
are lined with microvilli to increase the surface
area of reabsorption.
60 –70 % of filtrate reaches the loop of Henle
and 15 –20 % reaches DCT.
Filtrate enters the collecting duct where water
is reabsorbed.

24. CONTINUED
HORMONE THAT INFlUENCE
SElECTIVE REABSORPTION ARE :-
Parathyroid hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide

25. TUBUlAR SECRETION
Substances not required and foreign materials e.g. Drugs
entirely filtered out of the blood by peritubular capillaries
into tubules.
Tubular secretion of H+ve ion is important.

26. OTHER FUNCTIONS
Filtration of
waste product
from blood
.
Tubular
reabsorption of useful
substances from
filtrate ( water,
glucose, amino acid ).
Tubular secretion of
unwanted
substances back
into collecting duct
( urea, ammonia ).

27. CONTINUED
Maintaining normal
blood pressure by
balancing
electrolytes in
blood.
Regulation of water
and electrolyte
balances.
Regulation of atrial
pressure
Regulation of acid
base balance

28. CONTINUED
•Secretion, metabolism and excretion of
hormones.
•Production and secretion of renin
•Production and secretion of erythropoietin’
•Gluconeogenesis.

29. URETERS
•The ureters are the tubes that
carry urine from the kidneys to
the urinary bladder

30. SIZE AND DIAMETER
•The ureters are about 25 –30 cm
long with the diameter of about
3mm
•They are continuous with the
renal pelvis.

31. lOCATION
In abdominal cavity, lies
on psoas major muscle.

32. FUNCTIONS
•These two narrow tubes
carry urine from the kidney
to the bladder.
•Muscles in the ureter walls
continuously tighten and
relax forcing urine
downward, away from the
kidneys.

33. SUMMARIZATION
Definition of urinary system
Location, shape, size and colour of kidney.
Coverings of the kidney.
Gross structure of kidney.
Microscopic structure of kidney.
Process of urine formation.
Functions of kidney.
Structure of ureter.

34. RECAPITUlATION
•Define kidney.
•What are the coverings / tissues of
kidney?
•What is the functional unit of kidney ?
•What are the types of nephrons ?
•What are the steps of urine formation ?

35. CONClUSION
At last, group is able to explain
about :-
The structure of kidney.
Process of urine formation.
Structure of nephron
Functions of kidney.
Structure and function of ureter.

36. ASSIGNMENT
•At the end of presentation, I assign the assignment to the
students which is :-
•Draw the structure of kidney and explain any 5 functions of
kidney.
•Assignment should be submitted on 02-April-2021.

37. BIBlIOGRAPHY
•Kour nirmal. a textbook of anatomy and physiology:
introduction to kidney:3
rd
ed. New Delhi: lotus
publisher;2011.Pp(245 –251)
•Wilson and ross. anatomy and physiology: anatomy and
physiology of kidney: 11
th
ed. Chandigarh: Elsevier; 2012. Pp
(84 –98 ).
•Asthalatha PR. A textbook of anatomy and physiology:
kidney: 4
th
ed. New Delhi: JAYPEE publisher; 2015 Pp(124-
130).