Encyclopedia Britannica is next to the article on Insanity (mental): "Inqui-
sition, "Insanity." Situated today in a less distorted historical perspective,
the Inquisition truly presents itself as a terrible collective insanity, which
for centuries ravaged the Christian world, especially Europe and, within
Europe, with unquestionable emphasis on Spain.
Inquisition, from the Latin inquisitio (inquiry, investigation, research),
was the name given to the ecclesiastical structures and system of identifi-
cation and punishment, not only of declared heretics, but all those guilty
of offending the tenets of Catholic orthodoxy.
The Britannica states that it is erroneous to consider that it happened in
the 13th century, for the persecution of individuals who deviated from
the strict path established by ecclesiastical authorities had been ongoing
since the fourth century.
Over the centuries, however, around the basic idea of preserving the pu-
rity of the Christian faith, a terrible doctrine of legal entanglements crys-
tallized, leaving the victim no chance of escape.
"There has never been a single case of pure and simple acquittal," writes
emphatically the great authority on this dark historical period, the Eng-
lish writer H.C. Lea.
Aside from the Manichaeans, few sects were rigorously persecuted be-
tween the sixth and ninth centuries, but from the late tenth century to the
early twelfth century, many heretics were executed at the stake or on the
gallows in France, Italy, the Empire, and England.
However, theologians' opinions still differed regarding the extent and se-
verity of the punishment. Saint Bernard, for example, despite his rigor in
combating doctrinal deviations, never accepted the death penalty, prefer-
ring to recommend peaceful refutation, excommunication, and, eventu-
ally, imprisonment of the heretic.
At this time, however, the fierce persecution of the Cathars began in south-
ern France. The Inquisition, as an institution dedicated to defending faith,
quickly acquired uncontested power to decide the life and death of whom-
ever its representatives saw fit.
The accused, often a mere suspect or not even that, was presumed guilty
from the outset unless proven otherwise, and, as we saw in Lea, no one